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WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION & HOW WILL IT GUIDE YOU?

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WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION & HOW WILL IT GUIDE YOU?

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ISABELLA'S FOCUS QUESTION:
How can we use the land, if there is not enough?
JUSTIFICATION:
The land is being developed way to slowly. What can we do about it?

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJIaCYBoqU8&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=Bundesumweltministerium

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Website: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/arable-land

Youtube Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVrXBLd622M&ab_channel=AnimatedStats

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Each student creates a screencast using the padlet reflecting on following questions:

1. What did your team’s collaboration look like? Feel like? Why?

2. In thinking about the collaboration, what might you have done differently? Why?

3. Did you experiment with various methodologies for collecting and presenting your research? How? Explain fully.

hyperlinking/ embedding/ uploading

Photos of hand-written notes?

Digital notes (Google docs/ slide; Google drawings)?

Audio notes/ video notes (vlogs)?

screencasts

Sketchnotes (digital/ hand-drawn)?

Mind-maps?

Images, photos, maps, illustrations, videos?

Visual Cornell notes?

DIIGO?

4. What methodologies empowered you as a learner to gain a deeper understanding of the issue and solution? Why? How?

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Experiment with methodologies for collecting & analyzing evidence...

experiment with the padlet features to expand your thinking & learning (click on those 3 little dots on the padlet post-it)

locate reliable sources to provide relevant information to answer the questions

be sure to DOCUMENT YOUR NAME on EACH of your PADLET POST-ITS for individual accountability

hyperlink/ embed/ upload

Photos of hand-written notes?

Digital notes (Google docs/ slide; Google drawings)

Audio notes/ video notes (vlogs)

screencasts

Sketchnotes (digital/ hand-drawn)

Mind-maps

Images, photos, maps, illustrations, videos

Visual Cornell notes

DIIGO

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6 U2 Poverty & Overconsumption Summative RUBRIC, Crit. B & C 

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CONCLUSIONS (4-5)

Strengths:

Limitations:

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Youtube video:

Website: https://www.vivintsolar.com/learning-center/history-of-solar-energy

# data[].attributes.headline
WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION & HOW WILL IT GUIDE YOU?

# data[].attributes.subject
WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION & HOW WILL IT GUIDE YOU?

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AGATHE'S FOCUS QUESTION: HOW CAN ALL OUR FOSSIL FUEL USAGE BECOME ECO FRIENDLY

JUSTIFICATION:
HIS THEIR AWAY TO REUSE ELECTRICITY WASTE

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#13, Climate action

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CONCLUSIONS (4-5)

Strengths: It can really help the ecosystems less expensive Then electricity from fossil fuels

Limitations:VERY expensive does not work at night

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NOTE-TAKING TECHNIQUES:

keywords

compelling quotes

summarizing

paraphrasing

adding informative/ descriptive headings

annotating (deconstructing keywords; making connections; documenting questions; adding comments)

employing sketchnoting techniques (negative space, hierarchy, typography, images)

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WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION & HOW WILL IT GUIDE YOU?

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WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION & HOW WILL IT GUIDE YOU?

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LENDA'S FOCUS QUESTION:  How are we supposed to protect and restore the carbon sinks without endangering the ecosystem

JUSTIFICATION:

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SOLUTION?
Use damaged land to giva a boost to clean energy

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CONCLUSIONS (4-5)

Strengths:

Limitations:

# data[].attributes.body
SOLUTION

USE SOLAR PANELS INSTEAD OF FOSSIL FUELS

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SOULUTION:
Protect and restoring
natural carbon sinks.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0301421595001174#:~:text=Solar%20energy%20is%20one%20option,and%2032%25%20in%2050%20years.

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https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/en/issues/natural-carbon-sinks/redd

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This video showcases the amount of arable land in certain countries from 1961-2016

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This is the research I did about my solution

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Here is an article with information about The land

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Here is an article with information about The land

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/arable-land(Link)

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5.1.6 Arable land compartment

Arable land is characterized by the production of crops for food or feed supply purposes, a 'normal' permeability and a substantial soil erosion potential at least due to episodic bare or dead fallow periods. At present all agricultural land that is not pasture or grassland is considered arable land (cf. section B.3 and left part of Fig. 5-1). In particular with respect to the soil erosion potential there might principally be a need to distinguish areas on which annual crops are grown from those with perennial plants (like vine, olive trees, fruit trees), respectively. This distinction is, however, not made at present.

Processes that are covered by the presented methodology and affect the arable land compartment are: degradation (section A.3.1), radioactive decay (A.3.2), water soil erosion (A.3.3), overland flow (A.3.4), matrix leaching (A.3.6), preferential transport (A.3.7) and removal by plants with subsequent harvest (A.3.8). Their formulations are also given in Table 5-5.

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927521506800111

Agriculture

The need for arable land to feed human populations and the needs of wildlife have been in tension for millennia. One can look to Easter Island to see what the end game of man's resource overexploitation can lead to. Currently more than 1.4 billion hectares of land have been committed to agriculture. As human populations swell, especially in lower latitudes, even more forests will be cut, surface water and aquifers tapped, fertilizers applied, and pesticides broadcasted-all of which threaten insects and other biodiversity either directly (e.g., land conversion and pesticide exposure) or indirectly (e.g., water use and nitrogen and phosphorus pollution). Savannahs, prairies, and grasslands, with their deep fertile soils, lend themselves to immediate use for crop and pasturelands, and as consequence are collectively among the most threatened biomes on the planet. The clearing of tropical forests for farming and pastureland is happening at alarming rates and will have especially grave consequences for insect species diversity. It is a commonly held belief among biologists that while tropical rainforests comprise only 7% of the terrestrial land area of the planet they are home to 50% of the world's plant and animal species.

In temperate regions, there have been major changes in agricultural practices that are universally viewed as detrimental to wildlife. Today's industrialized mega-farms consist of much larger monocultures, often with genetically modified varieties that kill herbivores upon digestion; others have herbicide-resistant genes that facilitate the aerial broadcasting of herbicides that kill weeds and any other plants growing about the periphery of a tract that might have otherwise promoted biodiversity. Systemic insecticides are under scrutiny as these can get into nectar and pollen and lure bees and other pollinators to their demise directly or via nonlethal impacts that otherwise compromise the animal, for example, by weakening an individual's immune response.

The hedgerows that formerly supported numerous insects and vertebrates are now significantly reduced in acreage, have less floral diversity, are more impacted by insecticides, and consequently have reduced biotas-and the inhabitants, both bug and plant, tend to be rather weedy in nature. Lightly grazed pasturelands which were historically habitat for myriad early successional, sun-loving taxa such as bees, butterflies, and grasshoppers are no longer suitable because of herbicide use or because they are no longer profitable relative to larger resource-intensive cattle operations.

Much could be done to make modern farming practices more pollinator and otherwise ecofriendly and encouragingly there appears to be a groundswell of interest by many agro-businesses, conservation biologists, governments, and other stakeholders to do so.

Across much of Europe, pasturelands and seminatural grasslands, with low to moderate stocking, are home to myriad early successional plants and animals, including many rare butterflies that would disappear without grazing or functionally equivalent mowing and other fuel- and labor-intensive practices. In some instances, management and recovery plans for rare butterflies go so far as to recommend stocking densities for cattle and ponies.

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096659098190

11.3 Fractal of the Soil Erosion Network

Fertile surface soil is lost when arable land is eroded by rainfall and irrigation water. This is called soil erosion. As shown in fig. 11.7, soil erosion is promoted by the intensive use of sloped land, and is a serious cause of the devastation of arable land. It is estimated that, world-wide, 26 billion tons of soil are washed away every year. Soil surface water forms small water paths (rills), these gradually expand and eventually develop into water channels and rivers. Accordingly, a soil erosion network is formed on arable land, which is equivalent to a river streamline network reduced to a field scale. The fractal properties of river streamline networks are well known (Mandelbrot, 1983). Using Richardson's method, Wilson and Storm (1993) obtained fractal dimensions based on the data of soil erosion networks using laboratory trial plots (9.8×2.4 m). Fractal dimensions are estimated by Richardson's method (Mandelbrot, 1983) using the following equation: L(ɛ) is the length; ɛ the step size; D the fractal dimension, and (1 − D) and F are the parameters that can be obtained from the slope and intercept of a log-log plot of L(ɛ)=F ɛ 1−Dwhere L(ɛ) and ɛ.

Fractal dimensions of two scale domains were calculated. One domain contained fractal dimensions of 1.01-1.08 and the other 1.52-1.83, both of which showed good agreement with the values obtained in a large river streamline network.

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167413701800135

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489097396

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Arable land is characterized by the production of crops for food or feed supply purposes, a 'normal' permeability and a substantial soil erosion potential at least due to episodic bare or dead fallow periods. At present all agricultural land that is not pasture or grassland is considered arable land (cf.

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Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Home - Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Vital Signs of the Planet: Global Climate Change and Global Warming. Current news and data streams about global warming and climate change from NASA.

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What is climate change? A really simple guide

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Human activities are causing world temperatures to rise, posing serious threats to people and nature.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Stronger together: Vivint Solar is now part of Sunrun! Find answers to FAQs or check out the Press Release to learn more.

When the solar cell was invented, it set a change in motion for energy production. This change would iterate over hundreds of years in the hands of various physicists and engineers. The history of solar energy is a fascinating story of innovation and progress.

Who invented solar panels?

Solar energy is actually nothing new. People have used solar power as far back in history as the 7th century B.C. In its most primitive state, energy from the sun has been revered and put to use almost as long as man has walked the earth.

The earliest uses of solar power included focusing the sun's energy through a magnifying glass to start fires for cooking. By the 3rd century B.C., Greeks and Romans bounced sunlight off of "burning mirrors" to light sacred torches for religious ceremonies.

Sunrooms were invented in ancient times to capture solar energy for its natural warmth. These usually south-facing rooms have captured and concentrated sunlight from the famous Roman bathhouses to Native American adobes, and are still popular today in many modern homes.

One legend in Greek solar history is of the scientist Archimedes setting fire to besieging wooden ships from the Roman Empire. The story goes that he reflected the sun's light energy off of bronze shields, concentrating the rays and attacking the enemy before they made landfall.

Think of it as a kind of ancient solar laser beam. Whether this actually happened in Archimedes' time or not is unverified. But this experiment in solar power was tested by the Greek navy in the 1970s. They did set fire to a wooden test ship 50 meters away using nothing but the legendary bronze shield and the solar light energy. ¹

Solar power cell technology invented

In 1839, French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with a cell made of metal electrodes in a conducting solution. ² He noted that the cell produced more electricity when it was exposed to light.

Later in 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium could function as a photoconductor.

Just three years later, in 1876 William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day applied the photovoltaic principle discovered by Becquerel to selenium. They recorded that it could, in fact, generate electricity when exposed to light.

Almost 50 years after the photovoltaic effect's discovery, in 1883, American inventor Charles Fritz created the first working selenium solar cell. ³ Though we use silicon in cells for modern solar panels, this solar cell was a major precursor to the technology used today.

In a way, many physicists played a part in solar cell invention. Becquerel is attributed with uncovering the potential of the photovoltaic effect, and Fritz with actually creating the ancestor to all solar cells.

Awareness and production of solar technology

Albert Einstein had a role to play in bringing the world's attention to solar energy and its potential. In 1905, Einstein published a paper on the photoelectric effect and how light carries energy. ⁴ This generated more attention and acceptance for solar power on a broader scale.

The big leap toward the solar cells like the ones used in panels today came from the work of Bell Labs in 1954. Three scientists there, Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson, created a more practical solar cell using silicon.

Advantages to silicon are better efficiency and its wide availability as a natural resource. ⁵

As the space age developed, solar panels were used to power various parts of spacecraft throughout the late 1950s and 1960s. The first was the Vanguard I satellite in 1958, followed by Vanguard II, Explorer III, and Sputnik-3.

In 1964, NASA launched the Nimbus satellite, which ran entirely on its 470-watt photovoltaic solar panel array. ⁶ It wouldn't be long now until solar energy's potential moved from outer space to homes and businesses on planet earth.

Interested in learning more about solar energy?

Solar panels as a viable energy alternative

In the 1970s, an oil shortage brought awareness of U.S. dependency on foreign energy resources. It was a time of high inflation when Americans were squeezed economically, and shortages in essentials made the need for further innovation glaringly evident.

It was during this time that president Jimmy Carter had solar panels installed onto the White House roof. This was a statement to make clean energy through solar more tangible for people, and to spread awareness.

Even with more people interested in solar over recent decades, cost and efficiency have slowly been improving. As solar panels are built to be more efficient and to cost less, solar has become a realistic way for everyday people to generate power for their homes and businesses.

Perhaps the most significant leaps forward for solar, in both efficiency and price, have been in the past several years.

Solar panel efficiency and price over the years

Solar cell improvements based on Becquerel's initial uncovering of the photovoltaic effect brought early solar panels to about 1 percent efficiency and around $300 per watt. It cost about $2 - $3 per watt to generate electricity from coal at the time. ⁷

Bell Labs' 1954 silicon solar cells operated at around 4 percent efficiency and later achieved 11 percent efficiency. This was a significant increase that enabled powering an electric device for several hours for the first time in history.

Then in 1959, Hoffman Electronics achieved 10 percent efficiency. Soon after, they beat their own record with 14 percent efficiency in 1960.

These efficiency upgrades helped push solar panels into the space program. The use of solar panels in the space program through the 1960s increased production and slowly the price reduced to around $100 per watt.

Exxon funded Dr. Elliot Berman's research in the 1970s, which produced a less expensive solar cell, and brought solar panel cost down to about $20 per watt. ⁸

Currently, solar panels for home average between 15 and 18 percent efficiency and can cost as low as $0.50 per watt.

With the long history of solar technology, it's notable that the real sea change for solar has been in the past few decades. Since the 1980s, the cost of solar panels has dropped 10 percent per year on average. ⁹

These improvements in solar technology and cost reduction are thanks to scientists and engineers dedicated to solar as a leading source of clean, low-cost electricity for everyone.

Endnotes:
1. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
2. https://bit.ly/2WNK2x8
3. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
4. https://bit.ly/2ONDV7P
5. https://rsc.li/2WR45uB
6. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
7. https://bit.ly/2ONDV7P
8. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
9. https://bit.ly/32PJoTQ

Related Articles

Enjoy more insight on creating the home you want to live in.

Vivint Solar and Sunrun follow all regulatory policies and guidelines set forth by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), as well as state and local authorities. For more information please visit vivintsolar.com/covid-19-response

Copyright © 2020 Vivint Solar Developer, LLC. All rights reserved. Vivint Solar Developer, LLC (EIN: 80‐0756438) is a licensed contractor in each state in which we operate. For information about our contractor licenses, please visit vivintsolar.com/licenses.

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History of Solar Energy: Who Invented Solar Panels? | Vivint Solar Learning Center

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Stronger together: Vivint Solar is now part of Sunrun! Find answers to FAQs or check out the Press Release to learn more. When the solar cell was invented, it set a change in motion for energy production. This change would iterate over hundreds of years in the hands of various physicists and engineers.

# data[].attributes.body
Youtube video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJIaCYBoqU8&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=Bundesumweltministerium

website:
https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/en/issues/natural-carbon-sinks/redd

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Stronger together: Vivint Solar is now part of Sunrun! Find answers to FAQs or check out the Press Release to learn more.

When the solar cell was invented, it set a change in motion for energy production. This change would iterate over hundreds of years in the hands of various physicists and engineers. The history of solar energy is a fascinating story of innovation and progress.

Who invented solar panels?

Solar energy is actually nothing new. People have used solar power as far back in history as the 7th century B.C. In its most primitive state, energy from the sun has been revered and put to use almost as long as man has walked the earth.

The earliest uses of solar power included focusing the sun's energy through a magnifying glass to start fires for cooking. By the 3rd century B.C., Greeks and Romans bounced sunlight off of "burning mirrors" to light sacred torches for religious ceremonies.

Sunrooms were invented in ancient times to capture solar energy for its natural warmth. These usually south-facing rooms have captured and concentrated sunlight from the famous Roman bathhouses to Native American adobes, and are still popular today in many modern homes.

One legend in Greek solar history is of the scientist Archimedes setting fire to besieging wooden ships from the Roman Empire. The story goes that he reflected the sun's light energy off of bronze shields, concentrating the rays and attacking the enemy before they made landfall.

Think of it as a kind of ancient solar laser beam. Whether this actually happened in Archimedes' time or not is unverified. But this experiment in solar power was tested by the Greek navy in the 1970s. They did set fire to a wooden test ship 50 meters away using nothing but the legendary bronze shield and the solar light energy. ¹

Solar power cell technology invented

In 1839, French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with a cell made of metal electrodes in a conducting solution. ² He noted that the cell produced more electricity when it was exposed to light.

Later in 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium could function as a photoconductor.

Just three years later, in 1876 William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day applied the photovoltaic principle discovered by Becquerel to selenium. They recorded that it could, in fact, generate electricity when exposed to light.

Almost 50 years after the photovoltaic effect's discovery, in 1883, American inventor Charles Fritz created the first working selenium solar cell. ³ Though we use silicon in cells for modern solar panels, this solar cell was a major precursor to the technology used today.

In a way, many physicists played a part in solar cell invention. Becquerel is attributed with uncovering the potential of the photovoltaic effect, and Fritz with actually creating the ancestor to all solar cells.

Awareness and production of solar technology

Albert Einstein had a role to play in bringing the world's attention to solar energy and its potential. In 1905, Einstein published a paper on the photoelectric effect and how light carries energy. ⁴ This generated more attention and acceptance for solar power on a broader scale.

The big leap toward the solar cells like the ones used in panels today came from the work of Bell Labs in 1954. Three scientists there, Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson, created a more practical solar cell using silicon.

Advantages to silicon are better efficiency and its wide availability as a natural resource. ⁵

As the space age developed, solar panels were used to power various parts of spacecraft throughout the late 1950s and 1960s. The first was the Vanguard I satellite in 1958, followed by Vanguard II, Explorer III, and Sputnik-3.

In 1964, NASA launched the Nimbus satellite, which ran entirely on its 470-watt photovoltaic solar panel array. ⁶ It wouldn't be long now until solar energy's potential moved from outer space to homes and businesses on planet earth.

Interested in learning more about solar energy?

Solar panels as a viable energy alternative

In the 1970s, an oil shortage brought awareness of U.S. dependency on foreign energy resources. It was a time of high inflation when Americans were squeezed economically, and shortages in essentials made the need for further innovation glaringly evident.

It was during this time that president Jimmy Carter had solar panels installed onto the White House roof. This was a statement to make clean energy through solar more tangible for people, and to spread awareness.

Even with more people interested in solar over recent decades, cost and efficiency have slowly been improving. As solar panels are built to be more efficient and to cost less, solar has become a realistic way for everyday people to generate power for their homes and businesses.

Perhaps the most significant leaps forward for solar, in both efficiency and price, have been in the past several years.

Solar panel efficiency and price over the years

Solar cell improvements based on Becquerel's initial uncovering of the photovoltaic effect brought early solar panels to about 1 percent efficiency and around $300 per watt. It cost about $2 - $3 per watt to generate electricity from coal at the time. ⁷

Bell Labs' 1954 silicon solar cells operated at around 4 percent efficiency and later achieved 11 percent efficiency. This was a significant increase that enabled powering an electric device for several hours for the first time in history.

Then in 1959, Hoffman Electronics achieved 10 percent efficiency. Soon after, they beat their own record with 14 percent efficiency in 1960.

These efficiency upgrades helped push solar panels into the space program. The use of solar panels in the space program through the 1960s increased production and slowly the price reduced to around $100 per watt.

Exxon funded Dr. Elliot Berman's research in the 1970s, which produced a less expensive solar cell, and brought solar panel cost down to about $20 per watt. ⁸

Currently, solar panels for home average between 15 and 18 percent efficiency and can cost as low as $0.50 per watt.

With the long history of solar technology, it's notable that the real sea change for solar has been in the past few decades. Since the 1980s, the cost of solar panels has dropped 10 percent per year on average. ⁹

These improvements in solar technology and cost reduction are thanks to scientists and engineers dedicated to solar as a leading source of clean, low-cost electricity for everyone.

Endnotes:
1. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
2. https://bit.ly/2WNK2x8
3. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
4. https://bit.ly/2ONDV7P
5. https://rsc.li/2WR45uB
6. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
7. https://bit.ly/2ONDV7P
8. https://bit.ly/2WSdHp7
9. https://bit.ly/32PJoTQ

Related Articles

Enjoy more insight on creating the home you want to live in.

Vivint Solar and Sunrun follow all regulatory policies and guidelines set forth by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), as well as state and local authorities. For more information please visit vivintsolar.com/covid-19-response

Copyright © 2020 Vivint Solar Developer, LLC. All rights reserved. Vivint Solar Developer, LLC (EIN: 80‐0756438) is a licensed contractor in each state in which we operate. For information about our contractor licenses, please visit vivintsolar.com/licenses.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
History of Solar Energy: Who Invented Solar Panels? | Vivint Solar Learning Center

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Stronger together: Vivint Solar is now part of Sunrun! Find answers to FAQs or check out the Press Release to learn more. When the solar cell was invented, it set a change in motion for energy production. This change would iterate over hundreds of years in the hands of various physicists and engineers.

# data[].attributes.headline
Protect and restoring natural carbon sinks.

# data[].attributes.subject
Protect and restoring natural carbon sinks.

# data[].attributes.body
Carbon is an element that is essential to all life on Earth. Carbon makes up the fats and carbohydrates of our food and is part of the molecules, like DNA and protein, that make up our bodies. Carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, is even a part of the air we breathe. It is also stored in places like the ocean, rocks, fossil fuels, and plants.