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+ Maria Fernanda Casillas Monrroy A01749088
+ Vanessa Arroyo Jerez A01749098
+ Vanessa Hernández Camarena A01749107
+ Paola Ayelén Hernández Hernández A01749978

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Nanotechnology is the study and application of very small things, has various uses in science and development of humanity, such as: chemistry, biology, physics, material science and engineering. “The prefix ‘nano’ is referred to a Greek prefix meaning ‘dwarf’ or something very small and depicts one thousand millionth of a meter.” (Baeza, A., 2020). This science has a very large history, although it is very difficult to believe, nanotechnology has been used by humans since the fourth century AD, by the Roman, which created the Lycurgus cup, that represents one of the most outstanding achievements in the ancient glass industry. After this, other inventions followed, in which only creations of decorative artifacts were involved, and it was not until 1936 that this ability was really used as science, which was when Erwin Muller invented the field emission microscope, an artifact that allows to give clear images of very small objects.

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Then in 1959 nn a lecture given at the California Institute of Technology, the American physicist Richard Freyman spoke about the possibility of creating particulate by modifying atom by atom; However, it was not until 1974 that the Japanese scientist Taniguchi from the University of Tokyo introduced the same concept of "Nanotechnology", who used to “describe semiconductor processes such as thin-film deposition that deal with control on the order of nanometers. His definition still stands as the basic statement today: "Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule." (Nanowerk, 2018). Little by little this definition, adding the discoveries of the ancient uses of nanotechnology, were transformed into what we know today, a science full of possibilities.

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Some of those new possibilities are the following:

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Some of those new possibilities are the following:

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Promoting renewable energies: Currently renewable energies are something that we must implement as soon as possible, the world has been polluted and brought to the brink of its support, so we must adapt to no longer affect the environment or harm other living beings. One of the renewable energies that can be implemented thanks to nanotechnology is solar energy. “Nanotechnology - the manipulation of matter at an almost atomic scale to produce new structures, materials and devices - (NIOSH 2009), offers us the promise of unprecedented scientific advances for many sectors such as medicine, consumer products, energy, materials and manufactures. Nanotechnology could potentially not only improve existing technologies, but dramatically strengthen the effectiveness of new applications.” (Cerpie, 2019). In a solar cell everything must work correctly, otherwise the expected result will not come out, it is for that same reason that nanotechnology helps the way in which solar cells would perform, to generate more energy and avoid the fragmentation of the element.

It extends the limits of electronics: Currently electronic devices have a very short life, you can buy a cell phone and after two years it will become obsolete, then after three years it will discharge very quickly and heat up quickly, making you have to buy a new device. Current nanotechnology studies show that they can enhance the life of any electronic device, creating all its parts and circuits at an atomic level, which would be convenient for the population, but not for the capitalist system in which we currently live.

It allows more effective medicine: Nanotechnology has a broad future in medicine, but focusing on just one of those vast options is with cancer, thanks to the vision of nanotechnology it could be used to carry out a selective attack, thus only managing to affect the malignant cells and not the rest, making it a selective attack, “Cancer immunotherapy treatments are based on the laboratory's modification of the patient's T lymphocytes to locate and destroy cancer cells. (Sinc, 2017).

All these uses would be achieved thanks to the great known characteristic of nanotechnology, which consists of its size, the nanoscale. The definition of nanoscale is “on a very small scale” (Collins, 2018). The nanoscale is essential for nanotechnology, because it is thanks to its small size that this science can do everything it needs to do and that allows it to have a future in this modern world.

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Recent progress of flexible perovskite solar cells

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Recent progress of flexible perovskite solar cells

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their high power conversion efficiency, easy fabrication and low cost.  Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) are among the main commercialization alternatives as their devices are favorable for mass production. "FPSCs prepared on ultrathin and lightweight substrates can meet the demands of the emerging flexible electronics market and find applications that cannot be achieved with conventional photovoltaic devices" (Tang, G. & Yan, F.,2021).

Tang, G. & Yan, F. (2021). Recent progress of flexible perovskite solar cells. Nanotoday. Recovered from https://0-www-sciencedirect-com.biblioteca-ils.tec.mx/science/article/pii/S1748013221000803

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Nanotechnology has been used before for pre-clinical demonstrations, like disease prevention and pathogen tracking and monitoring. However, according to the article, after having failed on distribution and implementation before, it is now being recognised as a major role in global health. This means that even vaccines are expected to be designed based on nanotechnology systems. Some of the ones discussed here are for HIV infection, TB and malaria disease, for which a vaccine should generate humoral and cellular immunity that can be achieved with nanotechnology through modulating material type, shape, size and flexibility. Moreover, in terms of a covid-19 vaccine the article states the following: “The fast-tracked approval of the two messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 represents a ‘first’ in terms of regulations that might set a precedent for future approval of similar nano-enabled formulations” (Bader, Dohmen, Nibler, Noll, Grob, Kruss & Selvaggio, 2020). The various authors of the article conclude that the best way to enhance this nanotechnology impact is by sharing its protocols in medical facilities, as well as to being able to modify them, adjusting them to the specific needs of the local population.

Bader, O., Dohmen, M., Nibler, R., Noll, C., Grob, U., Kruss, S. & Selvaggio, G. (2020). Nanotechnology for infectious diseases. Nature Nanotechnology. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-021-00909-0

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Advances in nanomaterial vaccine strategies to address infectious diseases impacting global health

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Advances in nanomaterial vaccine strategies to address infectious diseases impacting global health

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Nanotechnological approaches to the design of vaccines against infectious diseases are being developed to facilitate their global application. A successful vaccine will have to elicit immune responses different from those elicited by normal infection.What characterizes nanomaterials are their defined compositions, their generally modular construction, and their length scales that allow engagement of key immune pathways collectively facilitate the iterative design process necessary to reliably identify and achieve these protective immune responses. In addition, these specialty materials also provide strategies for the movement and delivery of vaccine components to key immune cells and lymphoid tissues, and can be highly multivalent, enhancing their engagement with the immune system.

Chen, J., Collier, J., Curvino, E., Fouda, G., Fires, C., & Perman, S. (2020). Advances in nanomaterial vaccine strategies to address infectious diseases impacting global health. Nature Nanotechnology. Recovered from https://0-www-nature-com.biblioteca-ils.tec.mx/articles/s41565-020-0739-9

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Remote near infrared identification of pathogens with multiplexed nanosensors

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Remote near infrared identification of pathogens with multiplexed nanosensors

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Microbial infections have a huge mortality rate in the global context. One way to counteract them would be by having fast diagnostic tools for early detection. For this, according to the article, nanotechnology has a great use in order to create highly sensitive biosensors for bacteria detection. An optimal method of this kind would be non-invasive and with a small process of sample taking and processing. With this in mind, infrared fluorescent nanosensors were developed for remote fingerprinting of clinically important bacteria. This kind of nanotechnology enables a remote detection and differentiation of significant pathogens, as it paves the way for potential smart surfaces with the same technology, to be able to live a more clinically important bacteria-free day to day life.

Bader, O., Dohmen, M., Nibler, R., Noll, C., Grob, U., Kruss, S. & Selvaggio, G. (2020). Remote near infrared identification of pathogens with multiplexed nanosensors. Nature Communicators. Retrieved from

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19718-5

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Nanotechnology could enable test for early Alzheimer’s Disease

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Nanotechnology could enable test for early Alzheimer’s Disease

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Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed by brain scans once behavioral symptoms appear, by which time it would be too late to treat it effectively, for it is already deep-rooted in the brain. However, University of Manchester scientists discovered biomarkers in blood that could be used to test Alzheimer's disease way before this happens. These markers are extremely difficult to detect, but the Manchester team developed a non-invasive way to magnify and analyze them: using "cutting-edge nanotechnology uniquely developed to extract blood signals of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease” (Osborne, 2021). The design is hoped to be developed into a common blood test which looks for these signatures in human blood, offering a huge potential for an effective and complete treatment in patients before the serious brain damage occurs.

Osborne, S. (2021). Nanotechnology could enable test for early Alzheimer’s Disease. INDEPENDENT. Retrieved from https://0-www-proquest-com.biblioteca-ils.tec.mx/docview/2502144562?accountid=11643

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Baeza, A. (2020). The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical–Physical Applications to Nanomedicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982820/

Cerpie. (2019). Nanotechnology, solar energy and prevention of work risks. Retrieved from https://cerpie.upc.edu/portfolio_item/nanotecnologia-energia-solar-y-prevencion-de-riesgos-laborales/

Collins. (2018). Nanoscale. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nanoscale

Nano.gov. (2019). What is nanotechnology? Retrieved from https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition

Nanowerk. (2018). What is nanotechnology and why is it important? Retrieved from https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/introduction/introduction_to_nanotechnology_1.php

Sinc. (2017). Nanotechnology to fight cancer much faster. Retrieved from https://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/Nanotecnologia-para-combatir-el-cancer-mucho-mas-rapido