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Summary:
The second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Occurs between the ages of 18 months to 2-3 years old. During this stage, children focus on developing a greater sense of self-control. The major question is, can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others? Children begin to want more independence and control over themselves.

Important tasks the child must complete during this stage include:
1. Potty training - Learning to control your body's functions leads to a sense of independence
2. Food choices - deciding what they want to eat for a meal
3. Choosing your own clothes and dressing themselves
4. Toy preferences - deciding which toys they want to play with or buy

Primary Caregiver and how they can help:
The primary caregiver is the parents or guardian of the child. They can help by allowing the child to be independent. Letting the child make their own food, pick out their own outfit, among other things will help the child feel like they have control. Additionally, assuring the child they did a good job with these things will help them. Being supportive, and focusing more on rewards than punishments. Specifically, this applies to potty training. Another way parents can help is by allowing the child to play independently, while still having the support of an adult. Parents who are negative or punish the child for small mistakes can contribute to the feelings of shame and doubt.

The Basic Virtue:
Will - Their own control over themselves and ability to be independent

Potential Negative Future Repercussions if child fails to resolve conflict:
May lead the child to doubt his or her future, leading to feelings of shame and guilt. They might depend heavily on others, and lack self-esteem or confidence in themself to do something.

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Summary
Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Children learn how to "take initiative". During the initiative versus guilt stage, children assert themselves through directive play and other social-related interactions. These children are more independent, and the caregivers give them more freedom. This stage occurs from ages 3-5.

Tasks Accomplished
-Able to explore
-Able to play
-Can make own decisions

Goal
Normally, a child if a child can explore, make decisions, and initiate activities, they have achieved the goal this stage. "Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose". When seeking to take the initiative, the children gain a sense of purpose and belonging, by exploring.

Philisophical Question + Conflict
However, a conflict in this stage is that "children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt". When feeling like this,  philosophical questions that children may ask include: Am I good or bad? Many children are curious about themselves in this stage.

Caregivers
Usually, depending on who is at home with the child, the mom or dad will get involved with the child. A way that caregivers can help is by helping them think through how they could follow through and solve a problem, instead of solving it for them. Not only would this aid and support their communication skills, but it would also allow them to take the extra step. By empowering children, they understand what it takes to make a decision or get something done.  However, the parents must make sure that the children do not feel too much pressure or power, or else the children will end up feeling guilty; the opposite goal of this stage.

Overall
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of purpose, while failure results in a sense of guilt. If the child fails to resolve the sense of guilt they may start feeling regretful, and unwanted, which is the complete opposite of feeling the virtue of purpose.

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Summary:
The fourth stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Occurs between the ages of 6 to 11. During this stage, a child's social world begins to expand as they start school and gain more peers. The major question is, how can I be good? Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

The important skills a child must acquire:
1. Doing well in school - will allow children to feel confident and is a reflection of how well they understand their work. They can receive praise in areas like reading, writing, drawing, etc.
2. Making friends - allows children to understand they are better at some friends in some things, and worse in other areas

Primary Caregiver and how they can help:
The primary caregiver during this stage include parents, teachers, and guardians. However, friends and classmates additionally play a large role during this stage, since children sometimes judge themselves based on their peers capabilities. During this stage, it is important for teachers and parents to support the child, and help them if they need assistance. Support and encouragement are very important. However, children should not be overpraised, because this can make them arrogant. Balance is a large part of helping your child during this stage.

Virtue/Conflict
The basic virtue of this stage is competence. One must be capable and competent in this stage in order to gain confidence later on in life. The conflict of failing to master these critical tasks can result in social and emotional struggles that last a lifetime.

Overall/Failure
When a child successfully navigates this stage, they develop competency. If a child doesn't do well in this stage, and fails to resolve the conflict, they will feel lonely, and be insecure. Those who receive little or no encouragement will also doubt their abilities to be successful.

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Authentic, Beautiful, and Genuine.