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Though there are no intrinsic differences that would make it obvious which underlying architecture is better, Intel rarely allows 3rd parties to make custom versions of their chips, other than AMD which has frequently been in legal battle with Intel over the past 30 years.

So ARM wins out by default, openly letting other companies make custom versions of their chips with reasonable licensing terms. Allowing others to join in and share and incorporate each other’s best ideas seems to move the mobile and embedded processor industry as a whole forward faster. The A10X ARM chip from Apple underclocked to 1.5 GHz will probably do better than the latest generation Intel x86–64 chip underclocked to 1.5 GHz, because of all the extra silicon Apple puts in their ARM chips versus a standard Intel chip.

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Young man, in mathematics you don't understand things. You just get used to them.

Anyone who attempts to generate random numbers by deterministic means is, of course, living in a state of sin.

Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.

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Beware of an Indian accent!

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This is the ancestor to the Apple CPU for mobile devices, the A4, which was used in the first iPad, the iPod touch and the iPhone 4

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Random access memory is a computer memory that  can be read and changed in any way, storying data and code.

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BIOS - basic input output system can be written to it for controlling the device that allows to know what to do to find the operating system
- its setting are saved and can be recovered
- it's also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer, like hard drive, floppy drive, CPU, memory
-BIOS comes already installed when the machine is manufactured
- it's independent of any OS because it's the part of the motherboard hardware
- BIOS functions outside of the OS environment

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Please run the simulation

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Simulate and understand the fetch decode execute cycle

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- secondary memory is the external memory of the computer which is used to store long-term data
- non-volatile, when computer is turned off, data is still saved and can be updated
- data's first transferred into the main memory and then it's transferred back to the CPU
- USB flash drives, floppy disks, DVD, CD, hard drives
- slower than the primary memory but can store a much bigger amount of data

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Von Neumann also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata (based on lectures, delivered at several universities in 1948). He described what came to be known as the von Neumann Universal Constructor, a self-replicating machine in a cellular automata environment. He also proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire planet or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating machines, taking advantage of their exponential growth.

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There are 3 types, or “levels”, of cache. Level 1, or L1, is the smallest, and the fastest. It is in the middle of the CPU core, more on “cores” later. L2 is located on the edge of a core, allowing it to be larger, but still relatively small. Its primary purpose is to mitigate the flow to and from the L1 cache. It is a spillover, in a sense, for the L1 cache. L3 is located between all the cores of a CPU. It helps the cores communicate with each other, and mitigates the flow of instructions between them. It is the largest, but not nearly close to the size of RAM.

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Memory can be divided in two types: Primary and Secondary. Primary memory consists of RAM and ROM. Random Access Memory stores changeable information of smaller size while it's in use, and erases this data when the device is turned off. While Read Only Memory stores unchangeable data and is faster than RAM. Both of these types serve the purpose of increasing the speed of reaching the data.
Secondary memory stores data of a larger size and is slower than primary memory. The most popular secondary memory units include flash drives, CD's, tapes, згтсрув сфквы and other insertable devices. As well as еру hard drive, which can be situated inside the device, and in every computer we have nowadays.

There are also other different types of memory:
CPU also has its own memory unit called registers, which store the primary calculations performed by the CPU
Graphic memory stores the graphic interface.
Cache saves the data which needs to be accessed faster in order to increase the speed of the interface. In consists of two levels, one of them is closer to the CPU and the other one is closer to the memory.

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Any CPU is divided into cores, so it can perform more tasks at once. The more cores, the bigger is the number of tasks performed simultaneously

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IB Computer Science 2.1.1 - 2.1.4 Explained

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Von neumann biography, and most important events.

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Von Neumann Architecture - Computerphile

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John Von Neumann answers questions on the show "American Youth Wants to Know"

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The central concept of the von Neumann architecture is that the units that process information are separate from the units that store information. The Von Neumann Architecture has two main components: the CPU, or central processing unit, and the memory. I will go more into the different components of each of those in just a bit.

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a Von Neumann probe is a self-replicating device that could, one day, be used to explore every facet of the Milky Way in a relatively small window of time.The general idea is to build a device out of materials that are readily available and easily accessible out in space, like on rocky planets or small moons. Once it finds a suitable destination, it lands and mines the material it needs to build even more devices, which, in turn, land on other planets and moons and build even more.

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ARC2 (1948)
Manchester Baby (1948)
EDSAC (1949)
Manchester Mark 1 (1949)
etc.

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The Von Neumann architecture consists of a single, shared memory for programs and data, a single bus for memory access, an arithmetic unit, and a program control unit

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The components of the von neumann digital computer are:
-central processing unit which includes the control unit, logic unit, and pc, cir, ac, mar, mdr registers
-a memory unit
-input and output mechanisms

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Von Neumann was also the first to describe the concept of bottleneck. it means that the throughput of data between the CPU and the memory is limited. Nowadays, one of the main challenges for hardware developers is to minimise or try to bypass the bottleneck as much as it is possible, but it can't be completely bypassed.

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"Most mathematicians prove what they can, von Neumann proves what he wants"

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John Von Neumann created the von neumann architecture, sometimes also referred to as the Princeton architecture. It is a computer architecture based on a document which describes the architecture for electronic computers, written in 1945.

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John Von Neumann's biography
https://www.ias.edu/von-neumann