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2) An optical fibre is made up of the core, cladding and outer coating. It works on the principle of total internal reflection, wherein the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, so all the light striking the surface is reflected inwards. The light continues striking and reflecting off of the core and cladding. It transmits data in the form of photons.

3) Advantages of optical fibers include being able to transmit large amounts of data over long distances, being thin and flexible. Disadvantages include the loss of light bean within the cable, instillation being expensive, and that they are delicate and highly vulnerable during fitting.

4) The disadvantage of the loss of the light beam can be overcome using a repeater or an amplifier to make sure the intensity of the light beam remains strong enough to be read. The outer coating also helps to prevent damage.

5) Optical fibres are used for computer networking, in electronics and broadcasting to maintain better connection, and in military and space agencies for communication.

6) Optical fibres are flexible, light weight, and require less power consumption. They can also carry data over longer distances.

7) To prevent signal degradation, repeaters and amplifiers are used. Amplifiers are used by modern companies more often as they are more cost-effective.

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2) Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal reflection. Optical fibers work because the inner core has a higher refractive index that the cladding causing the light ray to hit the boundary at an angle that is larger than the critical angle, thereby allowing for total internal reflection (no refraction of light takes place). The light ray continues to travel across the length of the fiber in this manner.

3) Advantages - They have a higher bandwidth than copper wires; there is less power loss; they can transmit data across larger distances; the fibers are extremely thing and light weight so they occupy less area; they don't produce electromagnetic energy so data transmission is more secure.

Disadvantages - the light ray starts to fade overtime; Installation of an optical fiber network can be expensive; these fibers are highly vulnerable while fitting and are more delicate than copper wires.

4) The disadvantages can be overcome by using a repeater or amplifier to boost the light ray and prevent its degradation. The fibers can be further protected mounting brackets.

5) Optical fibers are used to transmit data, in cable televisions, for lighting and decoration (ex - Christmas trees) and have applications in medicine.

6) Optical fibers are cost effective, thin (occupy very little area), and don't produce electromagnetic energy.

7) Signal degradation can be prevented through the use of amplifiers and repeaters.

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2)working and Principle

The optical fiber cable transmits information from one end to another using light waves. The principle it follows is total internal reflection. The light wave is incident on the medium at an angle beyond the critical angle which causes total reflection within the medium, without any refraction. Light travels in the cable by bouncing off the walls of the cable repeatedly.

3) Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages - economic and cost effective ; less power consumption ; thin and non-flammable ; less signal degradation ; flexible and lightweight.

Disadvantages - Installation of the cables is expensive ; optical fiber cables are more delicate than copper wires ; special devices are required to monitor the transmission of light in the cable.

4) How can disadvantages can be overcome

By using an amplifier or repeater to prevent signal degredation.

5) Uses

Used in computer networking to transmit data at a higher bandwidth ; used in electronic and broadcast ; used for long-distance connections of computer to network ; temperature sensing.

6) Advantage of using the optical fiber over a cable.

No electromagnetic interference ; economic and cost effective ; less power consumption ; thin and non-flammable ; faster transmission.

7) How to prevent signal degradation in optical fibers

By using an amplifier or a repeater.