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Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country. The native Malays, as well as substantial concentrations of Chinese and Indians, are the primary ethnic groupings. When traveling around the nation, it is apparent that the ethnic groups have maintained their faiths, customs, and way of life. Malaysia is home to 137 living languages, making it one of the most varied nation in the world!  Therefore, the fact that each of the state owns different unique dialects. As for Negeri Perlis, dialect mostly influenced by its own north dialect, also influenced by speakers of Thai. Speakers of Malay and Thai have been in contact for many centuries. Findings in the journal have shown that there are some influences of Thai language towards the Perlis Malay Dialect,
especially loanwords. (Mohd Syamil et al, 2016). This scenario is uprooted by the statement in the website Myhometown, Thai is no foreign language to villagers in Kangar, Perlis.

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Malaysia has a diverse culture and races, which expands the unique environment in each and every region, same goes to conversation within a member of a community in one region. One of the states that have unique dialect is Negeri Sembilan. Negeri Sembilan has been greatly influenced by Minangkabau culture, especially in the Perpatih custom and their dialect pattern (Idris Aman et al, 2019). Some even mistaken that both dialect are the same dialect. Negeri Sembilan Dialect is interesting and unique as it can be easily distinguished among other Malay Dialect in Malaysia. The dialect itself carries the identity of the social culture of the people in Negeri Sembilan, which is an important aspect because according to Le Page and Tabouret-Keller, language act is also an act of identity.

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Does everyone in Negeri Sembilan speaks Negeri Sembilan Dialect? No. As we know, Negeri Sembilan Dialect and are quite similar but they are actually a different dialect as they have distinctive phonological features. It can be concluded from an existing research that both Minangkabau Dialect and Negeri Sembilan Dialect have distinctive linguistics feature, proving that both dialect have their identity (Idris Aman et al, 2019). Back to the question, not every region in Negeri Sembilan speaks Negeri Sembilan Dialect, such as Lenggeng, Seremban (Jamaluddin, 1999). As most people at the states speak Negeri Sembilan Dialect, the people of Lenggeng (mostly the newer generation of the Minang immigrants from Indonesia) still speak Minangkabau Dialect. Although their number is small, they still practice the dialect in their everyday life.

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A concept that can be extracted from the interesting aspect is dialect boundaries. Dialect boundaries is a line representing a set of isoglosses used to separate one dialect are from another ( Goerge Yule, 2020).

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How is dialect boundaries related to the interesting aspect of this topic? It is because, when two regions such as Lenggeng in Seremban and Beranang are divided by some isoglosses because of the difference in dialect between the two, it will form a boundary that separated the two region, showing that the two regions uses different dialects from one another. People will understand that people at one part of the boundary produce different sounds for the same word, for example the word 'penuh' which means full. The Benarang people used [pɔnɔh]while people in Lenggeng used [panuwah] (Idris Aman et al, 2019). This highlighted the boundary existed between the two region in terms of dialect.

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Malay dialect research in Malysia_ The issue of perspective [22134379 - Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde _ Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia]

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The language not only facilitates communication, but it also unites the locals with the surrounding Siamese population, particularly Guar Ujong Batu, Perlis. The impact of Thai language on the Perlis Dialect extends beyond the usage of Thai words as proper nouns in the Malay language. (Mohd Syamil et al, 2016). The word Nat is a perfect example of this. Nat in both Thai and Malay means Market, however the Perlis and Kedah community have narrowed its usage only to refer to Morning Market. The word Nat itself does not carry any meaning in the Malay
language repository since the Malays refers to morning market as Pasar Pagi. Even though there are four Malaysian states bordering Thailand namely Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan, the word Nat is only used in
Perlis and Kedah. Most Malays are even unaware of the fact that the word Nat is a loanword from the Thai language.

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In Malaysia, it is undeniable that we are possessing a variety of unique dialects and races in each state. Thus, one of the unique dialects among all of  them is Terengganu dialect which belongs to Negeri Terengganu. Whenever we talk about Terengganu dialect, our mind automatically pops up of how the words sound to be pronounced by them. As a popular example, they will simply add every word that ends with 'N' and 'M' with 'ŋ'. For example, the word of “ikan” will come out as ‘ikaŋ” and the word of “malam” will become as “malaŋ”. As a consequence, Terengganu Malay Dialect had been acknowledged having a few features and values of uniqueness as well as its own differences particularly with the standard Malay dialect on all linguistic levels, especially in terms of pronunciation of the phonemes and words (H. Ismail et al., 1973). A bit about the background of Terengganu dialect as in accordance to the book, The Treasure of Malay Dialects by Collins (1996) discusses the phonological aspects of diphthongization of the Ulu Terengganu subdialect. Hence, this research can be labelled as geographical dialect study because it specifically focuses on Ulu Terengganu locality. Collins (1996) notes that the dialect spoken in Ulu Terengganu is different from the typical Terengganu dialect. One of the distinguishing phonological features of the Ulu Terengganu dialect is diphthongization of high vowels in open syllable of final word. This phonological behavior is a unique characteristic of the Ulu Terengganu dialect. Also, Collins argues that the Ulu Terengganu dialect is one of the dialects that belongs to the East Peninsula dialect group. As a result, linguistically the relationship between the Ulu Terengganu dialect and the Terengganu Pantai dialect is not so close as compared to the relationship between the Ulu Terengganu dialect and the Kelantan dialect. Briefly, the Ulu Terengganu dialect is not a subdialect of Coastal Terengganu; in spite of that, they are regarded as the two different Malay dialects.

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Malaysia is often known for being a cultural melting pot that is rich in traditions and delicious food offerings. But more than that, it is also interesting to note that due to our unique mash of communities, we are also the home to multiple local dialects, with each state carrying its own brand of the language. One of the very unique country that using many dialects is Perak. Perak always been relate with their dialect that sound alike Kuala Lumpur dialect. But did you know that Perak has nine districts. The new linguistic map demonstrating the distributions and dialectal boundaries of Malay dialects spoken in Perak (Nor Hashimah et al. 2013, 2015). The capital is Ipoh and the state's nine districts are Batang Padang, Hilir Perak, Manjung, Perak Tengah, Kinta, Kuala Kangsar, Larut, Matang and Selama, Krian and Hulu Perak.  Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand's Yala and Narathiwat provinces both lie to the northeast.A large area of northern Perak especially to the west has been greatly influenced by northern dialect and this has been proven by Asmah (1993). The sub-districts are Taiping, Bagan Serai, Selama and Bukit Gantang. However, the area that forms Lenggong is influenced by the Perak dialect in the south and Malay Pattani and Kelantan in the north and east.

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What is interesting with this dialect?
As been stated earlier, there are numerous of dialects been using in Perak and some of them can speak all those dialects.
People tend to think that those in the state can speak the Perak dialect, but they would be mistaken because many are of mixed ethnicity and most are not good at speaking the dialect, in fact some speak in a northern dialect because they live near the border with Kedah.
For example, the authentic Perak dialect is said to be the Lembah Sungai Perak version commonly used in Perak Tengah, which comprises of areas such as Kuala Kangsar, Parit and Kampung Gajah said
- benkin as garang (strict)
- hangat pijor - terlalu panas.
'Kome' or 'miker', and 'teman', means 'you' and 'I' in the Perak dialect and are still being used by the younger generation although they have become urbanised. The dialect a

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A concept that can be related with interesting aspect above is isoglosses. Most of those states speak differently from each states. Isoglosses means a geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs (Richard, 2019).Based on phonological and lexical linguistic features, Ajid (1985) illustrates the isoglosses of local sub-dialects of Kelantan Malay spoken in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, while Rohani (1986) exhibits the isoglosses of Malay dialects spoken in Kuala Kangsar, Perak.

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Interesting Aspect of Terengganu Dialect

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Interesting Aspect of Terengganu Dialect

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There may be some of us who do not know yet that the Terengganu dialect is not only used by the people in that state only, even so there are some districts in other states near Terengganu that also use some terms of Terengganu dialect in their daily conversation namely across Pahang and Johor. Hence, they also understand what the people from Terengganu say. So, how the Terengganu dialect spreads to these far south? According to the study that has been done by a few students from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM), as they have conducted a study throughout the coastal areas of Terengganu, Pahang and Johor; thus, it is proven that there are several districts of Kuantan, Pekan, Rompin, Mersing as well as Kota Tinggi are discovered with the use of Terengganu dialects in their daily communication.

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VILLAGE POINTS STUDY AREA FOR DIALECT CONTINUUM

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A concept in linguistic that may be affiliated with the above interesting aspect is dialect continuum. In general, the dialect continuum refers to a spread of language varieties spoken across geographical areas such that neighboring varieties differ only slightly but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible (Collier, E.M., 2018).

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DISTRIBUTION OF TERENGGANU DIALECT ON THE EAST COAST

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The spreading of Terengganu dialect to the far south, Pahang and Johor is said related to the concept of dialect continuum but how it does happen? It is deduced so because as has been addressed at the above explanation that the dialect of Terengganu is too dominant and powerful along the coast and its distribution creates a dialect continuum whereas it can be seen as in the table below that has been compiled together in which it has been proven true and entirely based on the research. Also, in accordance with the study that have be done in detecting this Terengganu dialect continuum, the spreading of Terengganu dialect had ranged and varied from Setiu, Terengganu to up to Kota Tinggi, Johor. On this wise, if we go back to the previous explanation and look at the figure of village point study area of this dialect continuum, it can be assumed that the spreading of dialect is only took place along the coast areas and it does not spread out to the non-coastal areas. As reported by the Journal of Nusantara Studies 2021, this issue happened as there are some highlands that deprive this continuum of Terengganu dialect from spreading widely. Briefly, based on the study, it has successfully mapped the continuum of Terengganu dialect along the
east coast of Peninsular Malaysia namely Pahang and Johor.

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Lexicals with Terengganu dialectal features in Pahang and Johor

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Azrizan Abu Bakar, Harun, K., Morsili, H., & Zanariah Mat Isa, (2017). The Use of Kelantan Dialect in Cyberspace. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i8/3207

Yule, G. (2020). In The study of language (7th ed., pp. 281–284). essay, Cambridge University Press.

Zuraidah Mohd. Don, (2003). Language-dialect code-switching: Kelantanese in a multilingual context. Multilingual - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 22(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2003.002

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So, how can isoglosses can be related to the topic? It is because, like the name of isoglosses itself means a line on a map marking an area having a distinct linguistic feature. Just same in Perak, there are many dialects from different country drawn on a map can be seen. Like the in using such as ‘ha’ instead of ‘hang’ to refer to ‘you’ and ‘muha’ that is a combination of ‘mu’ (you) and ‘ha’ (you) for plural form. The variant ‘mu’ is used in the northeastern region, whereas ‘hang’ is in the northwestern part of Perak. It is obvious that the topography of Perak acts as one of the contributing factors in determining lexicon variation and distribution in the state.
The multi discipline approach has become more popular recently. We can have not only the result of the geographical dialects but how the dialects spreads based on the topographical factors. We can predict as why at certain areas they have more lexicon variants as compared to the high hills area. In the case of the Malay dialect of Perak, factors such as boundaries, rivers, lowlands and highlands are important in determining the dialect. In addition, migration, history and socio-economic factors have contributed to the factor as well.

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Lexicon Variation and Distribution of Malay Dialect in Perak A GIS Approach

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A concept that is related with the interesting aspect is dialect contact.  According to the Online Library website, dialect contact approaches to language change examine the linguistic consequences of interaction between speakers of different but mutually intelligible varieties of a language. The term dialect, is used to describe features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspects of pronunciation. similar processes of language variation and change are not shared by different speech communities; we begin by observing very familiar patterns of dialect contact. (Emma Moore et al, 2015)

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From historical periods to the present, speakers of clusters of dialects from the Thailand and Perlis have had contact.  Several Thai terms have become part of the Malay vocabulary and vice versa as a result of the long history of relations between Malays and Thais. It is mostly governed by geographical circumstances, and Perlis, a Malaysian state bordering Thailand, is no exception. The Perlis Dialect (Malay language) is said to be affected by the Thai language to some extent due to its geographical proximity. Currently, there is a scarcity of literature on Thai and Malay words, particularly Thai words in Malay. In terms of its use in literature texts, the Thai language has an impact on the Malay language. Among the words as listed by Suthiwan,T. (1993)

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INFLUENCE OF THAI LANGUAGE TOWARDS MALAY LANGUAGE (THE PERLIS DIALECT)

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Geo-linguistics study on lexical and phonology dialect variations

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Malay Dialect

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THE MALAT LANGUAGE AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN MODERN MALAYSIA