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Born: November 25, 1835
Dunfermline, Scotland
Died: August 11, 1919
Lenox, Massachusetts
Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist

The Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie was the leader of the American steel industry from 1873 to 1901. He donated large sums of his fortune to educational, cultural, and scientific institutions.

Youth and early manhood

Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland, the son of William Carnegie, a weaver, and Margaret Morrison Carnegie. The invention of weaving machines replaced the work Carnegie's father did, and eventually the family was forced into poverty. In 1848 the family left Scotland and settled in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. Carnegie's father found a job in a cotton factory, but he soon quit to return to his home handloom, making linens and trying to sell them door to door. Carnegie also worked in the cotton factory, but after his father died in 1855, his strong desire to help take care of the family pushed him to educate himself. He became an avid reader, a theatergoer, and a lover of music.

Carnegie became a messenger boy for the Pittsburgh telegraph office. He later became a telegraph operator. Thomas A. Scott, superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, made the eighteen-year-old Carnegie his secretary. Carnegie was soon earning enough salary to buy a house for his mother. During the Civil War (1861-65), when Scott was named assistant secretary of war in charge of transportation, Carnegie helped organize the military telegraph system. But he soon returned to Pittsburgh to take Scott's old job with the railroad.

A future in steel

Between 1865 and 1870 Carnegie made money through investments in several small iron mills and factories. He also traveled throughout England, selling the bonds of small United States railroads and bridge companies. Carnegie began to see that steel was eventually going to replace iron for the manufacture of rails, structural shapes, pipe, and wire. In 1873 he organized a steel rail company. The first steel furnace at Braddock, Pennsylvania, began to roll rails in 1874. Carnegie continued building by cutting prices, driving out competitors, shaking off weak partners, and putting earnings back into the company. He never went public (sold shares of his company in order to raise money). Instead he obtained capital (money) from profits-and, when necessary, from local banks-and he kept on growing, making heavy steel alone. By 1878 the company was valued at $1.25 million.

In the 1880s Carnegie's purchases included a majority stake in the H. C. Frick

Company, which had vast coal lands and over one thousand ovens in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, and the Homestead mills outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Frick became his partner and eventually chairman of the Carnegie Company. Carnegie had moved to New York City in 1867 to be close to the marketing centers for steel products; Frick stayed in Pittsburgh as the general manager. They made a good team. Behind the scenes, Carnegie planned new projects, cost controls, and the improvement of plants; Frick was the working director who watched over the mass-production programs that helped keep prices down.

Carnegie spent his leisure time traveling. He also wrote several books, including Triumphant Democracy (1886), which pointed out the advantages of American life over the unequal societies of Britain and other European countries. To Carnegie access to education was the key to America's political stability and industrial accomplishments. In 1889 he published an article, "Wealth," stating his belief that rich men had a duty to use their money to improve the welfare of the community. Carnegie remained a bachelor until his mother died in 1886. A year later he married Louise Whitfield. They had one child together. The couple began to spend six months each year in Scotland, though Carnegie kept an eye on business developments and problems.

Trials of the 1890s

Carnegie's absence from the United States was a factor in the Homestead mill strike of 1892. After acquiring Homestead, Carnegie had invested in new plants and equipment, increased production, and automated many of the mill's operations, cutting down the number of workers that were needed. These workers belonged to a union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, with which the Carnegie Company had established wage and work agreements on a three-year basis. Carnegie believed that workers had a right to bargain with management through their unions. He also recognized the right to strike, as long as the action was conducted peacefully. He viewed strikes as trials of strength, with peaceful discussion resolving the conflict.

In contract talks during 1892, Frick wanted to lower the minimum wage because of the need for fewer workers. The union would not accept this and organized a strike. Carnegie was in Scotland, but he had instructed Frick that if a strike occurred the plant was to be shut down. Frick decided to smash the union by hiring people from the Pinkerton Agency as replacement workers and by trying to open the company properties by force. Two barges carrying three hundred Pinkertons moved up the Monongahela River and were shot at from the shore. The Pinkertons fired back, but they eventually surrendered. Five strikers and three Pinkertons were killed, and there were many injuries. The strikers had won; the company property remained closed. Five days later the governor of Pennsylvania sent in soldiers to restore order and open the plant. The soldiers were eventually withdrawn, and two months later the union called off the strike. Carnegie was criticized for his lack of action.

In the 1890s Carnegie also began to meet with tougher competition from newer, bigger companies who were interested in controlled prices and sharing the market. Companies that he had sold to for years threatened to cut down their purchases unless he agreed to cooperate. These threats made him decide to fight back. He refused to enter into any agreements with other companies. Moreover, he decided to invade their territories by making similar products and by expanding his sales activities into the West. Eventually, though, he decided to sell his company to the newly formed U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901 for almost $500 million. Carnegie's personal share was $225 million.

Carnegie's philanthropy

In retirement, Carnegie began to set up trust funds "for the improvement of mankind." He built some three thousand public libraries all over the English-speaking world. In 1895 the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh was opened, housing an art gallery, a natural history museum, and a music hall. He also built a group of technical schools that make up the present-day Carnegie Mellon University. The Carnegie Institution of Washington was set up to encourage research in the natural and physical sciences. Carnegie Hall was built in New York City. The Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was created to provide pensions for university professors. Carnegie also established the Endowment for International Peace to seek an end to war.

In all, Carnegie's donations totaled $350 million. The continuation of his broad interests was put under the general charge of the Carnegie Corporation, with a donation of $125 million. Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, at his summer home near Lenox, Massachusetts.

For More Information

Carnegie, Andrew. The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920.

Hacker, Louis M. The World of Andrew Carnegie, 1865-1901. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968.

Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.

Wall, Joseph F. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

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Born: November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Scotland Died: August 11, 1919 Lenox, Massachusetts Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist The Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie was the leader of the American steel industry from 1873 to 1901. He donated large sums of his fortune to educational, cultural, and scientific institutions.

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The Homestead Strike of 1892 was one of the most bitterly fought industrial disputes in the history of U.S. labor. The Homestead Steel Works, located southeast of Pittsburgh, was an important segment of ^Andrew Carnegie's empire. Management and labor had been locked in negotiations for several months when plant general manager Henry C. Frick announced wage cuts of nearly 20 percent. The union balked at the reductions and Frick closed the plant on June 30.

On July 6, the displaced workers opened fire on a barge loaded with 300 Pinkerton agents who were being brought in as strikebreakers. A battle raged for several hours. Three Pinkerton agents and seven strikers (or their supporters) were killed; later, several other men died from their wounds.

The workers initially thought they had won a great victory since the management forces had to withdraw. In fact, the Homestead strike was a total defeat for the workers and unionism as a whole.

The governor of Pennsylvania^ called out the state militia to enable management to regain control of the area. The Homestead plant was reopened to non-union workers, but wages were cut beyond the earlier proposal and the work day was lengthened. The union continued the strike until November, when they capitulated. Many strikers were blacklisted, which prevented them from regaining employment as steelworkers elsewhere.

After the Homestead Strike, steelworkers would remain largely devoid of union protections until the rebirth of labor activism in the 1930s.

---- Selected Quotes ----
Quotes regarding Homestead Strike.
By Robert Frost
Home is the place where, when you have to go there,
They have to take you in.
The Death of the Hired Man, 1914

- - - Books You May Like Include: ----

Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and the Bitter Partnership That Changed America by Les Standiford.
Here is history that reads like fiction: the riveting story of two founding fathers of American industry - Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick - and ...
The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s by H.W. Brands.
A period every bit as turbulent as our own age, the 1890s saw vast changes in the economy, politics, and society of the United States, while giving bi...

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The Homestead Strike of 1892 was one of the most bitterly fought industrial disputes in the history of U.S. labor. The Homestead Steel Works, located southeast of Pittsburgh, was an important segment of ^Andrew Carnegie's empire. Management and labor had been locked in negotiations for several months when plant general manager Henry C.

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The Homestead and Pullman Strikes

by Spence Holman, Vassar '99

In light of the recent depression, the voters of 1896 were concerned with keeping money in their pockets. Bimetallism was touted as the solution as well as the cause of the nation's economic difficulties. William Jennings Bryan spoke to this in his famous speech, asking that "you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns." The voice of the worker was strong, and each party was interested in gaining its favor. At the same time, there was fear of unrest. Within recent public memory lay two major events that led to this unease--the Homestead strike of 1892 and the Pullman Railroad strike of 1894. These two conflicts brought to the surface the deeper issues at work in an age of industrial progress. In a song about Homestead entitled "A Man Named Carnegie," workers at the Pennsylvania plant are referred to as chattel and slaves. At Pullman, a worker reportedly told the Chicago Herald that "the only difference between slavery at Pullman and what it was down South before the war is that there the owners took care of their slaves when they were sick and here they don't." The feeling among workers was that slavery had not ended, but had just changed. Workers labored for long hours under poor conditions, and were subject to the whims of their employers.

Image of the town of Pullman from Richard Ely's "Pullman: A Social Study," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1885

At the Pullman factory, employees lived in the company town, much like slaves lived on the plantations where they worked. Pullman residents lived in constant fear of their employer, worried that if they voiced any disparaging opinions about the town (an example of a modern utopia, according to many newspapers of the day), they would be reprimanded or, even worse, fired. Anonymity was the best escape. The less seen and less heard one was, the less likely one was to get in trouble.

An Iron Puddler
Workers were dehumanized by the emerging corporate complexes. The Pullman town, which was meant to solve the labor problem, ended up exacerbating existing tensions. Residents felt that the company had taken over every aspect of their life, and had taken their identity in the process. Unions gave a voice to those without, and strikes became a way to assert an identity. Individuality was equated with wealth. Thus, when wages were cut, employees felt as if they were being de-emphasized even further. The employers, of course, did not take the same stance. George Pullman felt that he was improving the lives of his workers by providing them with housing, shopping, and entertainment next to their workplace. Carnegie provided money for civic buildings such as libraries as he cut wages. It was a bread-and-circus approach to a more complex problem. Food and entertainment wasn't the only thing workers wanted or needed; they were searching for an identity beyond that of an hourly wage earner. The strikers not only wanted more money for their homes and families, they desired independence.

Carnegie Steel Works during the 'Battle of Homestead,' July 1892, from the Rivers of Steel Heritage Area, Pittsburgh

"About the only difference between slavery at Pullman and what it was down South before the war, is that there the owners took care of the slaves when they were sick and here they don't."
-- worker to a reporter for the Chicago Herald, 31 May 1890

"[Pullman] is, in fact, philanthropy made practical; humanity, founded on business principles; sobriety, art music, clean living, refined homes, self-respecting independence of character without paternalism; a vindication of the theory that there is an economical value in beauty, and that the workingman is capable of appreciating and wisely using the highest ministries of art and beauty."
-- Chicago Times, 10 January 1891

Sing ho, for we know you, Carnegie;
God help us and save us, we know you too well;
You're crushing our wives and you're starving our babies;
In our homes you have driven the shadow of hell.
Then bow, bow down to Carnegie,
Ye men who are slaves to his veriest whim;
If he lowers your wages cheer, vassals, then cheer. Ye
Are nothing but chattels and slaves under him.
- 2nd verse, "A Man Named Carnegie," anonymous, California, 7 July 1892

--Frederic Remington, sketch of the Homestead strike, from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, 14 July 1892. Remington depicted strikers as dangerous rioters, opposing the forces of order and good government.

"At 12 o'clock last night every department of the immense Carnegie steel works at Homestead was shut down, throwing about 3,800 men out of employment...It has been the custom of the Carnegies, and all other mills, to discharge their men on the night of the expiration of the yearly contract. The men had declared positively that they would strike at the date of the expiration of the yearly contract. This term of expiration was to occur either at 6 o'clock this morning, or at 6 o'clock this evening, just as the authorities decided. At midnight, the firm cleverly forestalled the men, and flatly declared a shut-down. Instead of being a strike then at the great steel works, the action of the firm has made it a lock-out."
-- The Pittsburgh Post, 30 June 1892

"Governor Pattison, being convinced that Sheriff McCleary is unable to restore order at Homestead, has ordered out the entire National Guard -8,500 men-all the available military force of the state, to Homestead for service. It is understood that the Governor's purpose in calling out the entire National Guard is to make sure that there will be no demonstration on the part of the locked-out men. He thinks that men will quietly submit before such an overwhelming force, while they might resist if one regiment was sent there."
-- New York Herald, 11 July 1892

SOURCES

Demarest, David P., ed. "The River Ran Red": Homestead 1892. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.

Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

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In light of the recent depression, the voters of 1896 were concerned with keeping money in their pockets. Bimetallism was touted as the solution as well as the cause of the nation's economic difficulties. William Jennings Bryan spoke to this in his famous speech, asking that "you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns."

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The Homestead strike, in Homestead, Pennsylvania, pitted one of the most powerful new corporations, Carnegie Steel Company, against the nation's strongest trade union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. An 1889 strike had won the steelworkers a favorable three-year contract; but by 1892 Andrew Carnegie was determined to break the union. His plant manager, Henry Clay Frick, stepped up production demands, and when the union refused to accept the new conditions, Frick began locking the workers out of the plant.

On July 2 all were discharged. The union, limited to skilled tradesmen, represented less than one-fifth of the thirty-eight hundred workers at the plant, but the rest voted overwhelmingly to join the strike. An advisory committee was formed, which directed the strike and soon took over the company town as well. Frick sent for three hundred Pinkerton guards, but when they arrived by barge on July 6 they were met by ten thousand strikers, many of them armed. After an all-day battle, the Pinkertons surrendered and were forced to run a gauntlet through the crowd. In all, nine strikers and seven Pinkertons were killed; many strikers and most of the remaining Pinkertons were injured, some seriously.

The sheriff, unable to recruit local residents against the strikers, appealed to Governor William Stone for support; eight thousand militia arrived on July 12. Gradually, under militia protection, strikebreakers got the plant running again. Frick's intransigence had won sympathy for the strikers, but an attempt on his life by anarchist Alexander Berkman on July 23 caused most of it to evaporate. Meanwhile, the corporation had more than a hundred strikers arrested, some of them for murder; though most were finally released, each case consumed much of the union's time, money, and energy. The strike lost momentum and ended on November 20, 1892. With the Amalgamated Association virtually destroyed, Carnegie Steel moved quickly to institute longer hours and lower wages. The Homestead strike inspired many workers, but it also underscored how difficult it was for any union to prevail against the combined power of the corporation and the government.

The Reader's Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

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The Homestead strike was an industrial lockout and strike at the Homestead steel mill in Pennsylvania. The strike, which began on July 1, 1892, pitted one of the most powerful new corporations, Carnegie Steel Company, against the nation's strongest trade union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.

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HIS-150 Final

"Whereas most men enjoyed making money, he in contrast delighted in seeing his fortune diminish.There never lived a man who had as much fun in giving away his wealth as Carnegie."This was Andrew Carnegie.This was a man who started with nothing in and eventually had everything.But like this quote talks about, this was a most unique man not because of the fortune he made, for there have been other men throughout the ages who have amassed wealth, but for what he did with it and the impact he had on America as we know.

Andrew Carnegie was born in 1835 in .He was born to Margaret and Will Carnegie.His father Will was a skilled weaver, and the Carnegies were not unlike many of the working-class families in Dunfermline .When the family could not survive in any longer, they, on borrowed money they decided to go to ."On , amid tears and final God-speeds from relatives and friends, the Carnegies left Dunfermline .A small group accompanied them to Charlestown whence they made their way to after a long day's journey by sailing vessel and canal boat.The little family sailed from the Broomielaw of Glasgow in the 800-ton sailing ship Wiscasset to .

Andrew's youth progressed, but now in .His family was not much better off in Pittsburgh, which was where they ended up so like most children his age he got his first real job was that of running messages.Andy worked very hard at this job and in fact wasn't always even like by the other boys his age that worked there.He was eventually promoted past all the other boys to position of foreman over them.Andrew is eventually elevated to the position of telegraph operator, and then takes a job at the Pennsylvania Railroad doing relatively the same thing.The difference this time is that he is the personal telegrapher and assistant to Thomas Scott, a very high up in the Pennsylvania Railroad.In 1856 Carnegie makes a decision that changes his life and puts him on the track to making money.Andrew takes out a loan from a local bank and invests $217.50 in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company.After about two years he begins receiving a return of around $5000 dollars a year.This is more than three times his salary at the Railroad at the time.Carnegie went on to make other investments, and by 1863 Carnegie's income is $42,000 a year and only $2,400 of that is from his salary.Everything changes again for Carnegie when around 1872 while on a trip to he realizes what he thinks is the huge commercial potential of steel in .In 1875 the Edgar Thomson Works is opened inPennsylvania, this is Carnegie's first steel plant.Carnegie then in 1889 publishes The Gospel of Wealth.This was originally just one article known as Wealth, but this article along with other articles and essays ended up being printed under the one title, The Gospel of Wealth, and became a best selling book.This book argued that the wealthy and economically well off people of our society have a moral obligation to server society, one way being philanthropy.From there Carnegie's life move on as one might expect.He organized more steel companies, on of the main ones being Carnegie Steel, which went on to make annual profits of around 40 million dollars.Then came the move that made him the richest man in the world, "When J.P. Morgan proposed a major merger two years later through Charles M. Schwab, Carnegie immediately accepted, opening the way for the formation of United States Steel Corporation."

The most important part of Carnegie's life in his own mind was yet to come.This part that he thought to be the most important was that of his philanthropic work.When it comes to philanthropy and contributing to our society and country he can be most noted for his generous gifts of music halls, educational grants, and nearly 3000 public libraries.By the time of his death in 1919, he had given away over $350 million, which is more the three billion dollars in today's market.

This was a very short review of the life of the man that my bibliography is focused on.This bibliography is directed mostly at the general overview of Carnegie's life, his contributions to the steel industry, and his philanthropic contributions.This bibliography will not focus on anyone of these three areas in too much depth, but is best used for researching Carnegie's life as a whole.If one were to focus one Carnegie's philanthropy alone, this bibliography might be useful, but not all encompassing.In the same way, if someone were researching the steel industry, this bibliography will be useful, but you will surely need more sources than I provide.But as I said before, for research on Carnegie's life as a whole, this bibliography will be more than adequate.
Annotated Bibliography
1.Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth", North American Review 391, June (1889):1-7.

This article is a Primary source as Andrew Carnegie wrote it.It is an article found at http://alpha.furman.edu/~benson/docs/carnegie.htm or can be obtained through the ILL.This article is key to understanding Carnegie as a man, because in it he spells out his thoughts on wealth and what the people with wealth should do with it.It is a very important document in history and the basis for Carnegie's life in philanthropy.

2.PBS, Andrew Carnegie, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie.

This website is a must for anyone interested in the life of Carnegie.This site has mostly what one might call general information, but if you are new to studying Carnegie this is a great place to start.The timeline at this site is especially helpful in mapping out the life of Carnegie from start to finish.

3.George Swetnam, Andrew Carnegie : G.K. Hall and Co., 1980.

4.Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie : Press, 1970.

This is another secondary history source.It is a good source for looking at Carnegie's whole life, but in particular the part of his life dealing with business ventures he made and also his contributions to the steel industry in .This book can be found at the NWC library.

5.John Brooks, review of Andrew Carnegie, by Joseph Frazier Wall, New York Times,no. 11 (1970) pg.1.

This is a journal article strictly focused on Carnegie and how and why he gave away millions of dollars in his lifetime.This article gives insight into what may have prompted his giving, and also tells the story of specific things he gave and charities/organizations he gave to.This article can be obtained through ILL.

7.John Kennedy Winkler, Incredible :The Vanguard Press, 1931.

This book is another secondary history.It like the other books tells the story of Carnegie's life.This book I do feel is held back by the fact that it was written and published so soon after Carnegie's life ended that the full effect of what Carnegie did still wasn't really known.This book however does outline Carnegie's life and can be used for that.It can be obtained at NWC library.

8.Murray Godwin, review of Incredible Carnegie; the life of Andrew Carnegie, by John Kennedy Winkler, , no. 13 (1942), pg. 69.

9.Eleanor N Wood, "The Story of Steel", Mankind 5, no. 1 (1975):17-21, 60-65.

10.Tripod.com. History of Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Libraries, http://andrewcarnegie2.tripod.com/historyclp.html

This internet site is great for many reasons.The site itself has very limited information, but provides links to dozens of sites all dedicated to Andrew Carnegie in some form or another, whether your looking for information on his childhood, the steel industry, or his philanthropy there is a link on this site that can help you.

11. Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth.Videocassette. New York: LearningCorporation of America, 1973.

This miscellaneous source is a video that deals with the most noted work of Andrew Carnegie's life, The Gospel of Wealth.This video discuss the business of that time period in American history and the ethics of Carnegie and his peers in business.This video can be found at NWC in the LRC.

12. Andrew Carnegie, Prince of Steel.Videocassette. : A&E Biography,1995.

This is another miscellaneous source.This video is dedicated to telling the rags to riches story that is Carnegie's life.It focuses on his late childhood, and how he came from nothing to the richest man in the world, and the man of philanthropy we know.It shows this mostly through telling the story of his impact on the American steel industry.This video can be purchased at www.libraryvideo.com.

14. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 th Ed.Volume 2.:EncyclopediaBritannica, Inc.s.v. "Andrew Carnegie"

15.David S Patterson, "Andrew Carnegie's Quest For World Peace," Pro. Of the Am. Phil. Soc. 114, no. 5 (1970):371-383.

16.George Swetnam, "The Carnegie Nobody Knows," Pennsylvania Hist. 44, no. 2 (1977):163-172.

This is another journal article source.It focuses on the fact that no one really knows that Carnegie was quite a writer, and that he wrote almost 70 magazine articles.I found this source only to be valuable if you want to know more about Carnegie's personal life.His writing was overlooked, but the most important works like "Wealth" haven't been.This article can be obtained through ILL.

This is another Primary source, meaning Andrew Carnegie himself wrote it.In this article he attacks 's policy about going into other countries and says it is imperialistic.This article is helpful in understanding why Carnegie was so active in his fight for world peace.This article can be obtained at http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0168-3.

This article is another primary source.Andrew Carnegie wrote this article for the specific purpose of telling his rich peers of the world what they should do with their money.This source would be best understood and used after gaining an understanding of Carnegie himself and his beliefs.This source can be found at http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0149-83.

19.Louis Morton Hacker, The World of Andrew Carnegie: 1865-1901, Philidelphia:Lippincott, 1968.

This book is another secondary history source.It is a very advanced book however when dealing with economics.It can be best used when looking at Carnegie's business and how he ran it, namely his industrial policies.This is a good look at the economics of Carnegie's life, and can be used well with source number 9, the article entitled "The Story of Steel".This book can be obtained through ILL.

20.C.J. Pusateri, review of The World of Andrew Carnegie, by Louis Morton Hacker,, no. 16 (1968), pg. 118.

This review is not a bad one by any means, but Pusateri makes it clear that he believes the book to be a very advanced book in that of economics, and knowledge of the era.He makes it clear that it isn't for the casual reader.He says that the section on the tactics used by the major players of the day, Carnegie included, was the most "engrossing" section of the book.This review can be found at the NWC library.
Reflection to the Research Process
The research process as a whole is much more difficult than one might think.I started this project with aperson from the past in mind, but thinking that it would take much more than going to the library for a couple of hours and looking a few things up.I didn't understand that to put together a comprehensive annotated bibliography you have to really understand all the sources you are including and really in some cases go out of your way to find these sources.Many of the sources I needed were very difficult to actually find as well.

One of the first difficulties I came across was the difficulty I had in finding book reviews on the secondary history sources I used.For some this may have seemed easier, but I found this to be challenging.The librarian showed me how to find these, but even then, most of the books I used were fairly old and that force me to look pretty far into the past to find some of these reviews.In a few cases I couldn't even find reviews to go along with the source.For the most part though, I found what I needed despite it taking more time than I expected.

One final difficulty I encountered was trying to get different quality sources that each had something different to offer.Instead of four different secondary histories all telling the same story of Carnegie's life, I wanted four separate focuses of Carnegie's life.Likewise, for primary sources, I used for different articles written by Carnegie himself, because I thought each one had its own unique a qualities, and subject.In some ways this was the most rewarding part of the research process though, knowing that I put together around twenty sources that all have something to offer and come together to form a well rounded view of Andrew Carnegie's life.

Reflecting on how my bibliography actually turned, I would say that I feel very proud of the final product.I think that I put together a bibliography that can do exactly what I said it would be able to in my introduction.It can give information on all parts of Carnegie's life equally, and aid in research on this great man of 's history.

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HIS-150 Final "Whereas most men enjoyed making money, he in contrast delighted in seeing his fortune diminish.There never lived a man who had as much fun in giving away his wealth as Carnegie."This was Andrew Carnegie.This was a man who started with nothing in and eventually had everything.But like this quote talks about, this was a most unique man not because of the fortune he made, for there have been other men throughout the ages who have amassed wealth, but for what he did with it and the impact he had on America as we know.

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"No man will make a great leader who wants to do it all himself or get all the credit for doing it." - Andrew Carnegie

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Title: [Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919, half-length portrait, seated at desk, facing right]

Date Created/Published: c1913.

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[Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919, half-length portrait, seated at desk, facing right]

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Title: [Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919, half-length portrait, seated at desk, facing right] Date Created/Published: c1913. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-44165 (b&w film copy neg.) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: BIOG FILE [item] [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

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economic history of the iron and steel industry in the united states vol.1

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economic history of the iron and steel industry in the united states vol.1

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by: William T. Hogan, S. J.

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Triumphant Democracy By: Andrew Carnegie

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Triumphant Democracy By: Andrew Carnegie

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and j. p. morgan invented the american supereconomy

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138104 times books-times books paperback

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business enterprises - united states - finance - history - 19th century

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united states - economic conditions - 1865-1918

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business history; business biographies; businessmen; american history; industrial revolution; economics; finance; financial history; robber barons; rich and wealthy; gilded age; nonfiction; capitalism; capitalist; economic history; us history; famous businessmen

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The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy

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Amazon.com: The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (9780805081343): Morris, Charles R.: Books

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A look at the life of the Andrew Carnegie, the greatest industrialist and philanthropist of the 19th century. The son of a poor Scottish immigrant, Andrew Carnegie built an empire in steel manufacturing before being bought out by US Steel.

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A look at the life of the Andrew Carnegie, the greatest industrialist and philanthropist of the 19th century. The son of a poor Scottish immigrant, Andrew Carnegie built an empire in steel manufacturing before being bought out by US Steel.

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Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Recommended hotels in Pittsburgh

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George Romero's epic zombie movie was filmed at the Monroeville Mall in Pennsylvania. Now there is the Monroeville Zombies Museum, where you can see movie props, memorabilia, full-length replicas of zombies and, of course, a zombie-themed gift shop.

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Quick Facts
"People who are unable to motivate themselves must be content with mediocrity, no matter how impressive their other talents.""The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.""I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week's own earnings. One dollar and twenty cents made by myself and given to me because I had been of some use in the world!""I always liked the idea of being my own master, of manufacturing something and giving employment to many men.""In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves.""I should as soon leave to my son a curse as the almighty dollar.""No party is so foolish as to nominate for the presidency a rich man, much less a millionaire. Democracy elects poor men.""There is always room at the top in every pursuit. Concentrate all your thought and energy upon the performance of your duties. Put all your eggs into one basket and then watch that basket.""Do not make riches, but usefulness, your first aim.""I congratulate poor young men upon being born to that ancient and honorable degree which renders it necessary that they should devote themselves to hard work.""The aim of the millionaire should be, first, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display and extravagances."

Name

Andrew Carnegie

Birth Date

November 25, 1835

Death Date

August 11, 1919

Place of Birth

Dunfermline, Scotland, United Kingdom

Place of Death

Lenox, Massachusetts

Andrew Carnegie was a self-made steel tycoon and one of the wealthiest businessmen of the 19th century. He later dedicated his life to philanthropic endeavors.

Who Was Andrew Carnegie?

After moving to the United States from Scotland, Andrew Carnegie worked a series of railroad jobs. By 1889, he owned Carnegie Steel Corporation, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1901 he sold his business and dedicated his time to expanding his philanthropic work, including the establishment of Carnegie-Mellon University in 1904.

Early Life

Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Although he had little formal education, Carnegie grew up in a family that believed in the importance of books and learning. The son of a handloom weaver, Carnegie grew up to become one of the wealthiest businessmen in America.

At the age of 13, in 1848, Carnegie came to the United States with his family. They settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and Carnegie went to work in a factory, earning $1.20 a week. The next year he found a job as a telegraph messenger. Hoping to advance his career, he moved up to a telegraph operator position in 1851. He then took a job at the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1853. He worked as the assistant and telegrapher to Thomas Scott, one of the railroad's top officials. Through this experience, he learned about the railroad industry and about business in general. Three years later, Carnegie was promoted to superintendent.

Steel Tycoon

While working for the railroad, Carnegie began making investments. He made many wise choices and found that his investments, especially those in oil, brought in substantial returns. He left the railroad in 1865 to focus on his other business interests, including the Keystone Bridge Company.

By the next decade, most of Carnegie's time was dedicated to the steel industry. His business, which became known as the Carnegie Steel Company, revolutionized steel production in the United States. Carnegie built plants around the country, using technology and methods that made manufacturing steel easier, faster and more productive. For every step of the process, he owned exactly what he needed: the raw materials, ships and railroads for transporting the goods, and even coal fields to fuel the steel furnaces.

This start-to-finish strategy helped Carnegie become the dominant force in the industry and an exceedingly wealthy man. It also made him known as one of America's "builders," as his business helped to fuel the economy and shape the nation into what it is today. By 1889, Carnegie Steel Corporation was the largest of its kind in the world.

Some felt that the company's success came at the expense of its workers. The most notable case of this came in 1892. When the company tried to lower wages at a Carnegie Steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, the employees objected. They refused to work, starting what has been called the Homestead Strike of 1892. The conflict between the workers and local managers turned violent after the managers called in guards to break up the union. While Carnegie was away at the time of strike, many still held him accountable for his managers' actions.

Philanthropy

In 1901, Carnegie made a dramatic change in his life. He sold his business to the United States Steel Corporation, started by legendary financier J.P. Morgan. The sale earned him more than $200 million. At the age of 65, Carnegie decided to spend the rest of his days helping others. While he had begun his philanthropic work years earlier by building libraries and making donations, Carnegie expanded his efforts in the early 20th century.

Carnegie, an avid reader for much of his life, donated approximately $5 million to the New York Public Library so that the library could open several branches in 1901. Devoted to learning, he established the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, which is now known as Carnegie-Mellon University in 1904. The next year, he created the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1905. With his strong interest to peace, he formed the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1910. He made numerous other donations, and it is said that more than 2,800 libraries were opened with his support.

Besides his business and charitable interests, Carnegie enjoyed traveling and meeting and entertaining leading figures in many fields. He was friends with Matthew Arnold, Mark Twain, William Gladstone, and Theodore Roosevelt. Carnegie also wrote several books and numerous articles. His 1889 article "Wealth" outlined his view that those with great wealth must be socially responsible and use their assets to help others. This was later published as the 1900 book The Gospel of Wealth.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at the age of 83.

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"People who are unable to motivate themselves must be content with mediocrity, no matter how impressive their other talents." "The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." "I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week's own earnings.

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Andrew Carnegie - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com

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Find out more about the history of Andrew Carnegie, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com

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Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was an American industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist. Carnegie worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859.

While working for the railroad, he invested in various ventures, including iron and oil companies, and made his first fortune by the time he was in his early 30s. In the early 1870s, he entered the steel business, and over the next two decades became a dominant force in the industry. In 1901, he sold the Carnegie Steel Company to banker John Pierpont Morgan for $480 million. Carnegie then devoted himself to philanthropy, eventually giving away more than $350 million.

Andrew Carnegie: Early Life and Career

Andrew Carnegie, whose life became a rags-to-riches story, was born into modest circumstances on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland, the second of two sons of Will, a handloom weaver, and Margaret, who did sewing work for local shoemakers. In 1848, the Carnegie family (who pronounced their name "carNEgie") moved to America in search of better economic opportunities and settled in Allegheny City (now part of Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania. Andrew Carnegie, whose formal education ended when he left Scotland, where he had no more than a few years' schooling, soon found employment as a bobbin boy at a cotton factory, earning $1.20 a week.

Did you know? During the U.S. Civil War, Andrew Carnegie was drafted for the Army; however, rather than serve, he paid another man $850 to report for duty in his place, a common practice at the time.

Ambitious and hard-working, he went on to hold a series of jobs, including messenger in a telegraph office and secretary and telegraph operator for the superintendent of the Pittsburgh division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1859, Carnegie succeeded his boss as railroad division superintendent. While in this position, he made profitable investments in a variety of businesses, including coal, iron and oil companies and a manufacturer of railroad sleeping cars.

After leaving his post with the railroad in 1865, Carnegie continued his ascent in the business world. With the U.S. railroad industry then entering a period of rapid growth, he expanded his railroad-related investments and founded such ventures as an iron bridge building company (Keystone Bridge Company) and a telegraph firm, often using his connections to win insider contracts. By the time he was in his early 30s, Carnegie had become a very wealthy man.

Andrew Carnegie: Steel Magnate

In the early 1870s, Carnegie co-founded his first steel company, near Pittsburgh. Over the next few decades, he created a steel empire, maximizing profits and minimizing inefficiencies through ownership of factories, raw materials and transportation infrastructure involved in steel making. In 1892, his primary holdings were consolidated to form Carnegie Steel Company.

The steel magnate considered himself a champion of the working man; however, his reputation was marred by the violent Homestead Strike in 1892 at his Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill. After union workers protested wage cuts, Carnegie Steel general manager Henry Clay Frick (1848-1919), who was determined to break the union, locked the workers out of the plant.

Andrew Carnegie was on vacation in Scotland during the strike, but put his support in Frick, who called in some 300 Pinkerton armed guards to protect the plant. A bloody battle broke out between the striking workers and the Pinkertons, leaving at least 10 men dead. The state militia then was brought in to take control of the town, union leaders were arrested and Frick hired replacement workers for the plant. After five months, the strike ended with the union's defeat. Additionally, the labor movement at Pittsburgh-area steel mills was crippled for the next four decades.

In 1901, banker John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913) purchased Carnegie Steel for some $480 million, making Andrew Carnegie one of the world's richest men. That same year, Morgan merged Carnegie Steel with a group of other steel businesses to form U.S. Steel, the world's first billion-dollar corporation.
READ MORE: Andrew Carnegie Claimed to Support Unions, But Then Destroyed Them in His Steel Empire
Andrew Carnegie: Philanthropist

After Carnegie sold his steel company, the diminutive titan, who stood 5'3", retired from business and devoted himself full-time to philanthropy. In 1889, he had penned an essay, "The Gospel of Wealth," in which he stated that the rich have "a moral obligation to distribute [their money] in ways that promote the welfare and happiness of the common man." Carnegie also said, "The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced."

Carnegie eventually gave away some $350 million (the equivalent of billions in today's dollars), which represented the bulk of his wealth. Among his philanthropic activities, he funded the establishment of more than 2,500 public libraries around the globe, donated more than 7,600 organs to churches worldwide and endowed organizations (many still in existence today) dedicated to research in science, education, world peace and other causes.

Among his gifts was the $1.1 million required for the land and construction costs of Carnegie Hall, the legendary New York City concert venue that opened in 1891. The Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Foundation were all founded thanks to his financial gifts. A lover of books, he was the largest individual investor in public libraries in American history.

Andrew Carnegie: Family and Final Years

Carnegie's mother, who was a major influence in his life, lived with him until her death in 1886. The following year, the 51-year-old industrial baron married Louise Whitfield (1857-1946), who was two decades his junior and the daughter of a New York City merchant. The couple had one child, Margaret (1897-1990). The Carnegies lived in a Manhattan mansion and spent summers in Scotland, where they owned Skibo Castle, set on some 28,000 acres.

Carnegie died at age 83 on August 11, 1919, at Shadowbrook, his estate in Lenox, Massachusetts. He was buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in North Tarrytown, New York.

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Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was an American industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist. Carnegie worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859.