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Jamie, Kelcey and Maria
Coat changing in summer and winter due to
– a change in diet due to available plant food altering with the seasons
– the lengthening and shortening of the light cycle can trigger the change via circadian rhythms
– a direct response to the change in temperature

The dependence of the fur colour on the photoperiod has been duplicated indoors in experiments by shortening the light that the rabbits receive, and monitoring the change in coat colour. Shortening the photoperiod induces hormone production and the growth of the winter coat without pigment (white), and lengthening it artificially simulates the springtime phase of the cycle, with pigmented fur (brown). Furthermore, snowshoe hares that exist in permanently cold and snowy environments remain white, and hares that reside in Oregon and Washington (where the photoperiod is longer) stay permanently brown.

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Ella & Alice
They are born with grey feathers, which gradually turn pink in the wild because of a natural pink dye called canthaxanthin that they obtain from their diet of brine shrimp and blue-green algae.

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Smoking during teenage years - may stunt growth ?

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Smoking during teenage years - may stunt growth ?

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Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract. A deficiency of vitamin D makes it difficult to maintain proper calcium and phosphorus levels in bones, which can cause rickets.

Adding vitamin D or calcium to the diet generally corrects the bone problems associated with rickets. When rickets are due to another underlying medical problem, your child may need additional medications or other treatment. Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may require corrective surgery.

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Alice and Ella
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.  Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing.

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Madi, Sophia & Julia
Clownfish, wrasses, moray eels, gobies and other fish species are known to change sex including reproductive functions. A school of clownfish is always built into a hierarchy with a female fish at the top. When she dies, the most dominant male changes sex and takes her place.

Clownfishes are hermaphrodites, meaning that they have both female and male organs. There are two types of hermaphrodites, simultaneous, where both sexes are present at the same time, and sequential, where the organism first develops as one sex but on a later stage it switches to the other sex. Clownfishes are sequential hermaphrodites, in this case, all the individuals first develop as males and then they can switch to female it it's required.

Clownfish live in groups where only two individuals are fully sexually developed, one male and one female, they are bigger in size than the rest of the members of the group (who are all males). If the "alpha" female dies, the "alpha" male will take its place and one of the smaller members of the group will take the place as the alpha male. On a molecular level, the DNA of the fish itself doesn't change but the expression of different genes changes radically.

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Their colour is reliant on soil pH. More specifically, an enzyme in the plant called the delphinidin-3-glucoside-aluminum-3-caffeoylquinic acid complex.

Aluminum makes the flowers of Hydrangeas turn blue. But, Hydrangea plants can't absorb Aluminum through their roots at a pH above 6. It is bound too tightly to the soil particles.

When we lower the pH and make the soil more acidic, the bonds between the soil and Aluminum weaken, making it available to Hydrangeas. They absorb the aluminum which activates the enzyme we talked about above, and the flowers turn blue. When the Aluminum isn't present in the plant though, the enzyme isn't activated and the flowers remain pink.

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angie
Cindy & Sam

The fur of older rabbits darkens in colder temperatures. Himalayan rabbits are not physically active but get get bored easily.  The gene that controls fur pigmentation of the rabbits are called “temperature sensitive tyrosinase genes”. If the temperature-induced genes are turned on, it would cause the fur to become black. Himalayan rabbits carry the 'C' gene, which turns off when the environment is above 35°C and works effectively between 15°C to 25°C. In warm areas of the rabbit where the genes are turned off, the rabbit does not produce any pigmentation for that area, hence, they are whit

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Lily and Ruby -how a siamese cat's pelt color is determined.

Siamese cats are renowned for their peculiar coat pattern. A cream or white underbelly shades gradually to a medium color on the back, while the ears, face, legs, and tail are very dark. This pattern is called "pointed" or "colorpoints," and it affects not only the coat, but also the eyes, which are always blue.Pointed cats are partial albinos. Albinism is a mutation in the TYR gene, responsible for the enzyme tyrosinase. Tyrosinase, in turn, is necessary for the production of melanin, or dark pigmentation.

The albino mutation in Siamese cats results in a defective form of tyrosinase which does not function at normal body temperature. Therefore, dark coloration can only appear in parts of the body that are cooler than the core body temperature. The extremities are always the coolest parts of the body. The face is also cooler because of air passing through the sinuses. The back is warmer than the extremities, being closer to the body core, but it is also exposed. The result is a medium degree of tyrosinase function, resulting in a medium degree of shading