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Are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.

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1. Cell body: the central part of any cell is the soma, which contains the nucleus
2. Dendrite:  are branches or points extending out of the cell body. The surfaces of the dendrites are mainly where chemical messages from other neurons are received
3. Axon: Neurons contain an extension that is different from all the other cells. The function of the axon is to transmit an electrochemical signal to other neurons, sometimes at a considerable distance.
4. Myelin: The axons are coated with a layer of myelin, a series of cells that surround the axon, which have a function of covering the electrical impulses.
5. Node of Ranvier: periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
6. Axon terminal: This is where the electrochemical signal that has traveled the length of the axon becomes a chemical message that travels to the next neuron.

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Classification according to the function of the neuron

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Classification according to the function of the neuron

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Motor neuron - carries messages from the Central Nervous System  (relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or organs), moves toward a central organ or point.
Sensory neuron - brings messages to the Central Nervous System (relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord), moves away from a central organ or point.

Interneurons - Between sensory & motor neurons in the Central Nervous System (reay messages from sensory neuron to motor neuron)

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The parts of neurons

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Classification according to the structure of the neuron

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Classification according to the structure of the neuron

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Multipolar: Multipolar neurons are recognized because they have three or more parts (processes) which extend from the cell body.

Bipolar: Bipolar neurons have only two parts (processes) that extend in opposite directions from the body of the cell, an element called dendrite and another axon.

Unipolar: Unipolar neurons have a unique and short part(process) that extends from the cell body and then branches into two more parts (processes) that extend in opposite directions.

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Synopse is the point of connection between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland. Electrochemical communication between neurons takes place at these junctions

The neurotransmitter function is the transmission of information from one neuron to another, this through a space called "synapses" that separates two consecutive neurons

Neurons process all of the "information" that flows within, to, or out of the CNS. All of the motor information through which we are able to move; all of the sensory information through which we are able to see, to hear, to smell, to taste, and to touch; and of course all of the cognitive information through which we are able to reason, to think, to dream, to plan, to remember, and to do everything else that we do with our minds

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Neuron Synapse - Neurology: The Function of the Synapse Explained

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Receive signals (or information).

Integrate the received signals (to determine if the information should or should not be transmitted).

Communicate signals to target cells (muscles, glands or other neurons).

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Classification of neurons