# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The international relations literature regularly embraces sovereignty as the primary constitutive rule of international organization. Theoretical traditions that agree on little else all seem to concur that the defining feature of the modern international system is the division of the world into sovereign states. Despite differences over the role of the state in international affairs, most scholars would accept John Ruggie's definition of sovereignty as "the institutionalization of public authority within mutually exclusive jurisdictional domains." Regardless of the theoretical approach however, the concept tends to be viewed as a static, fixed concept: a set of ideas that underlies international relations but is not changed along with them. Moreover, the essence of sovereignty is rarely defined; while legitimate authority and territoriality are the key concepts in understanding sovereignty, international relations scholars rarely examine how definitions of populations and territories change through-out history and how this change alters the notion of legitimate authority.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The state and the nation: changing norms and the rules of sovereignty in international relations | International Organization | Cambridge Core

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The international relations literature regularly embraces sovereignty as the primary constitutive rule of international organization. Theoretical traditions that agree on little else all seem to concur that the defining feature of the modern international system is the division of the world into sovereign states.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.rienner.com/title/Discourses_of_Global_Politics_A_Critical_Re_Introduction_to_International_Relations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An unusual combination of synthesis and original scholarship, this new text considers the contemporary agenda of international relations within a broad historical-philosophical context.

George first deals explicitly with precisely how, and with what effect, the dominant post-World War II approaches to international relations are located in this larger context. He then concentrates on the application of these approaches in the theory and practice of the IR community. Going beyond the conventional accounts of, for example, the "Americanization" of the discipline and its development via a "great debates" scenario, he suggests an alternative way of reading and understanding international relations.

The book offers at least three new dimensions to the available IR literature: George takes seriously the question of how we understand ourselves and our world, adding to the IR agenda a comprehensive discussion of the way we "know," and the way we apply that knowledge (e.g., via policy decisions). Though he brings a critical focus and tone to this discussion, he investigates the dominant disciplinary perspectives in their own terms. And not least, he explores some of the most significant of the critical perspectives that have been at the forefront of the challenge to traditional and disciplinary orthodoxies.

Jim George is senior lecturer in international relations in the Department of Political Science, Australian National University. Dr. George was awarded the 1995 Crisp Medal by the Australasian Political Studies Association for originality and intellectual contribution to political science.

(Re)Introducing the Theory as Practice of International Relations.

Discourses of Modernity: The Positivist Framing of Contemporary Social Theory and International Relations.

The Making of International Relations: From Modernist Tradition to Cold War Discipline.

The Positivist-Realist Phase: Morgenthau, Behavioralism, and the Quest for Certainty.

The Backward Discipline Revisited: The Closed World of Neo-Realism.

Critical Social Theory: Thinking Beyond the "Orthodox Consensus".

Thinking Beyond International Relations: The Critical Theory Challenge.

Thinking Beyond International Relations: Postmodernism-Reconceptualizing Theory as Practice.

Conclusion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
advances in international political economy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
advances in international political economy series

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lynne Rienner Publishers | Discourses of Global Politics A Critical Re Introduction to International Relations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An unusual combination of synthesis and original scholarship, this new text considers the contemporary agenda of international relations within a broad historical-philosophical context. George first deals explicitly with precisely how, and with what effect, the dominant post-World War II approaches to international relations are located in this larger context.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Proven techniques that maximize media exposure for your business A seasoned PR pro shows you how to get people talking When it comes to public relations, nothing beats good word of mouth. Want to get customers talking?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Crisis communication plans: Poor predictors of excellent crisis public relations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Public relations is an important element in almost all successful crisis mana ment efforts. Newly developed theory in crisis public relations, though,...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

Leadership theories are plagued by the absence of a definitional consensus among scholars. Many theories have emerged about leadership over the years. This chapter examines and evaluates the different early theories of leadership. The Great Man theory focuses on heroic individuals, implying that only a selected few can achieve greatness. The trait theory conceptualises leadership on the universality of some given attributes. The skill theory focuses on the abilities of a leader. Behavioural theory views leaders based on their actions and behaviour, while the contingency theory concerns the context of leadership. The shortcomings and limitations of these different theories, which have led to newer approaches to leadership, are also examined. Case studies are available to assess the reader's understanding of the relevant approaches in this chapter.

Keywords

Leadership theories Great Man theory Trait theory Behavioural theory Skill theory Contingency theory

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Leadership theories are plagued by the absence of a definitional consensus among scholars. Many theories have emerged about leadership over the years. This chapter examines and evaluates the different early theories of leadership. The Great Man theory focuses on heroic individuals, implying that only a selected few can achieve greatness.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
International Affairs is one of the leading journals of international relations and one of the few to cover the entire discipline. It is renowned for its academically rigorous, practitioner-focused scholarship.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With decisions touching everything we do, there is an overwhelming number of decision making theories and related research. Most of these theories have been developed during the twentieth century even though humans have been making judgments with uncertainty for millennia. Decision making models continue to evolve to address more complex situations, and cognitive psychologists are rapidly learning more on how we think. This should lead to decision making theories that could improve the decisions we make, and for the curious, you will find a number of interesting paradoxes and conclusions that reveal the difficulties we all face in trying to make good choices.

Research on decision making theories comes from two key viewpoints

If you are a person that enjoys models and mathematics, you will enjoy a large body of decision making theory research that comes from the view that we act to make optimal, or alternatively, rational decisions. Theories coming from this point of view generally assume an ideal decision maker that seeks to make the best decision by becoming fully informed and able to compute with perfect accuracy, with full alignment to a defined set of goals. This area of theories is focused on addressing the question of "What should we do?", and models and mathematics are applied to problems of improving and characterizing the uncertainty of the information (probabilities) in order to improve the likelihood of a good decision outcome. While in reality, no one is an ideal decision maker, those subscribing to this perspective attempt to move closer to the ideal by building on facts where available, and applying mathematics and computing to help address risk and uncertainty.

The second area of research for decision theories explores the question "What do we do?" when making choices. Much of the research in this area comes from the study of problem solving by cognitive psychologists seeking to understand how we think. As you might imagine, there are a number of interesting decision making behaviors and paradoxes that have been exposed and characterized that are inconsistent with rational decision making thought processes. A noted example is the Ellsburg paradox that concludes people favor definite information over uncertain information, in other words, the devil they do know versus the one they don't know.

Of course, there are decision making theories that do go beyond these two viewpoints. These theories may challenge some generally accepted principles but are seeking to resolve some of the problems that are inadequately addressed with current theories. Some of these issues include:

People may have uncertain aspirations that vary based on decision context.

Existing theory doesn't adequately deal with outcomes that are fulfilled over time.

Decision complexity is such that it is too difficult to determine optimal behavior.

Probability theory and rules may not be sufficiently robust to errors in assumptions.

Current theory places focus on the area of knowledge of "what we know we don't know" instead of "what we don't know we don't know". This argument is well described as the ludic fallacy in Nassim Taleb's book, The Black Swan.

Resources for more on Decision Making Theories

There are a vast number of decision making theory resources available that can address your specific interest.

For those looking to address critical decision making problems, we would suggest starting with theories for rational decision making that you can find at Wikipedia.org. This article provides a good summary of a number of theories, along with references for further investigation.

If you are more curious about topics related to "what we do" when making decisions, an excellent set of articles can be found at ChangingMinds.org. A number of specific decision making thinking behaviors are addressed, along with ways to use or defend against these behaviors. Supporting and additional resources are also provided.

Another resource that can support a number of decision making activities associated with uncertainty is Econport.org. Teaching modules, experiments, software tools, and cataloged resources are provided.

What can we learn from all this research?

There is an overwhelming amount of research on making decisions coming from a number of viewpoints. These range from trying to help us with approaches that ideally move us toward our goals, personally and in organizations, to dealing with practical limitations of our knowledge and how we think.

Our goal at Decision Innovation is to provide a decision making process and model that helps to capture and use knowledge in pursuit of better decision making. Our model enables us to adapt and incorporate the best learning from decision making theories in a way that supports application to our most valued decisions. It is ultimately about creating knowledge through a set of connected decisions that we can use to better realize our potential and reach our aspirations.
Return from Decision Making Theories to Decision Making Activities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With decisions touching everything we do, there is an overwhelming number of decision making theories and related research. Most of these theories have been developed during the twentieth century even though humans have been making judgments with uncertainty for millennia.

# data[].attributes.body
Med Salem and Abdellahi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A wide-reaching and interdisciplinary field, international relations is explored through a variety of program types. A Masters in International Relations may be offered as either a Master of Science (MSc) or Master of Arts (MA), and the subject may be referred to as international relations, international affairs or global affairs (to name just a few variations). Often, international relations is paired with a related field or specialization, such as diplomacy, governance, politics, business, law, conflict resolution or development. As detailed in the "specializations" section of this guide, a growing number of highly focused programs are also available.

Entry requirements

In accord with the subject's broad range of specializations, international relations programs tend to attract students from a fairly diverse range of academic backgrounds. However - while it is possible to cross over from the natural or life sciences or technology - it's fair to say that the majority of applicants are from the arts, humanities and social sciences.

Some Masters in International Relations have more specific requirements. For instance, students may be required to have completed at least some basic courses in economics before enrolling. And for some programs, standardized tests such as the GRE are required. If this is the case, you should be able to check the median scores of accepted applicants, to get an idea of whether your scores are high enough.

Professional experience may also be considered, especially if acquired in a relevant role. However, many international relations programs focus mostly on assessing applicants' academic background, considering grades attained and relevant skills and knowledge acquired. The exact set of criteria will depend on the individual institution, as well as norms in the country you're applying to study in.

Choosing a Masters in International Relations

One key point to bear in mind when choosing a program is how specialized you want to be. Some programs offer a broad overview of major international relations topics, while others are clearly focused on a particular area from the start. Programs also vary in terms of teaching style and the type of work students are expected to complete. Some offer internships as part of the course, while most will include project work and independent research. Some have a particularly intensive focus on the latter, designed to prepare students for research-based careers; this may be reflected in a course title such as MSc International Relations (Research).

As you may expect, IR is a discipline in which a large proportion of students are keen to study abroad, gaining first-hand international experience to enhance their studies and future international relations career prospects. As a result, many IR programs are particularly internationally diverse, offering the chance to study as part of a truly multicultural and multilingual community.

International relations topics

Those entering IR from another subject area may opt for a Masters in International Relations which provides a fairly broad foundation in the field. In this instance, core international relations topics are likely to include: comparative politics, international organizations, international finance, micro- and macro-economics, quantitative methods, economic development and international security. Students may also have the chance to take course modules focused on developing professional skills in areas such as leadership and project management.

For those keen to specialize in a particular area of international relations, a growing number of highly focused master's degrees are available. For example, the UK's Kingston University offers an MSc in Terrorism and Political Violence; the Netherlands' Utrecht University has an MSc in Migration, Ethnic Relations and Multiculturalism; Finland's University of Jyväskylä teaches an MSc in Cultural Policy; and Slovenia's University of Maribor has a dedicated MA in European Studies and European Union External Relations - just a few examples of the many specialized programs on offer.

Other related subjects commonly offered at master's level include courses in public policy, public administration, comparative or regional politics, national and international security, and cross-cultural communication. Alternatively, you may choose to focus on environmental politics, corporate social responsibility, conflict resolution and mediation, international law, sustainable development, health policy, human rights and social justice, intercultural communication, social enterprises or trade. It's also commonly possible to specialize in a particular set of countries or world region, or even in a specific international organization or system, such as the EU.

Who employs international relations graduates?

As the broad scope of the subject should imply, international relations careers are as varied as they come. Common employers of IR graduates include national bodies (such as governmental ministries and departments, civil services, think tanks and policy advisory groups); embassies and consulates; international organizations (such as UN agencies, EU departments, the World Health Organization and the World Economic Forum); charities, campaign groups, aid agencies and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

The private sector is also a major employer of international relations graduates, particularly within companies which operate internationally. Some graduates will pursue communications-based careers such as journalism, PR and other media roles. Others follow career paths which call for strong analytical skill sets, such as banking, financial services and corporate consultancy. In part, this may be determined by the international relations topics selected throughout undergraduate and graduate studies, and the corresponding skillsets acquired - but generally it's fair to say that an IR degree should leave multiple options open.

Of those graduating from graduate international relations programs offered by members of the Association of Professional Schools of International Relations (APSIA), around 35% go on to work in the public sector, 30% in the private sector, 30% in NGOs and 5% elsewhere.

Growth areas for international relations careers

Areas likely to see significant growth in coming years include:
International development
Here there's demand for graduates to combine multiple roles - research, project management, business development and policy analysis - and to support the movement away from service delivery and towards capacity building.
Energy and sustainability
Like all of the present generation, IR graduates will also find emerging roles in the energy and sustainability sectors, with various positions relating to international regulations, policy, negotiation and security.
International communications
IR graduates with an interest in international communications will be particularly well-placed to meet growing demand for employees combining multilingualism and digital prowess, along with an understanding of cross-cultural communication in the modern media landscape. IR graduates who have an interest in graphic design, online content or social media will find a wide range of employers seeking their skillset.
Science & technology
Technological and scientific developments offer opportunities for IR graduates to contribute to developing policies and strategies designed to help nations keep pace with the rate of change, as well as identifying and resolving potential conflicts.
Intelligence & security
Technological change also underlies many careers in the field of intelligence and security. Here, IR graduates will find new challenges for their analytical skills, with the opportunity to contribute to potentially planet-changing recommendations taken on board by governments, business leaders and the military.
Higher education
Finally, there's growing demand from within the higher education sector itself, as universities increasingly prioritize internationalization in its various forms. Positions here could focus on specific goals such as international marketing, recruitment and student support, or on high-level strategy and vision.

For the most-coveted international relations jobs - particularly those in well-known international organizations and non-profits - relevant work experience is often essential. This can be acquired through formal internships, as well as through participation in student organizations, campaign groups and voluntary work. For research-focused and highly specialized roles, a PhD may be required, or a significant asset.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A wide-reaching and interdisciplinary field, international relations is explored through a variety of program types. A Masters in International Relations may be offered as either a Master of Science (MSc) or Master of Arts (MA), and the subject may be referred to as international relations, international affairs or global affairs (to name just a few variations).

# data[].attributes.body
Rabiya&Med Sidi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enter your email address below. If your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. If you don't receive an email, you should register as a new user

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enter your email address below. If your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. If you don't receive an email, you should register as a new user

# data[].attributes.body
lalye and yahye (AK) have found you an amazing article about PA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Public administration provides the organization of joint activities of people and manages these activities through the relevant bodies of the state apparatus and civil servants who perform certain functions. Among the functional responsibilities I can highlight the following: planning, scientific forecasting, formation of government bodies and organization of their activities, gathering and processing information, monitoring and accounting. I believe that the most important feature of public administration is the practical organization of the functions of the state.

Each person sees public administration in different ways, but all of us wants to live in a state where his opinion is taken into account. I agree with experts who believe that public administration takes place where people work together collaboratively. It provides awareness and focus of this activity. Management achieves its goals through the harmonization and coordination of human actions. Therefore, I am sure that it is desirable that each of us takes into account not only personal initiative, but also consider the opinion of other people. In my opinion, it would be right. Performing coordination function, management ensures consistency between the individual actions.

In order to understand how possible it is for the system of public administration to be at the same time effective, efficient, and accountable, I offer to consider what principles the governance is based on. There are three approaches, which are formulated according to these basic principles. They are: legal, political and management. Core values ​​of public administration under legal approach are the values ​​of the rule of law and the protection of citizens' rights. In this case, public servants are subordinated not so much to their superior, but to the requirements of law. According to political approach, the main task of government is to maximize the embodiment of the will of people. Civil servants at the same time must be politically accountable and susceptible to the current interests of the citizens. As it is known the core values ​​of public administration under management approach should be: effectiveness, efficiency and results. On my opinion, it is important to get maximum results with acceptable cost. As we see, these three approaches have one common problem - the problem of compliance of actions of civil servants formulated in principles: follow the rule of law (legal approach), following the will of people (political approach) and follow the purpose of obtaining the desired socio-economic result (management approach).

In my opinion, it is impossible to speak separately about effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability, as they are complementary concepts. If the system is not effective and efficient, it won't be accountable. Conversely, without setting a goal to work for results, efficiency and qualification are meaningless. I believe that in order to achieve these three conditions, political administration should adhere to a set of requirements. Experts say that effectiveness of the work of management system requires interaction of all components of the system. Management should be comfortable for both manager, and managed. Thus, I am sure that for effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability, public administration should adhere to ethics of management. Manager must be able to think and build a logical chain. He should have a wide range of knowledge of the area in which he works. I truly believe that all employees of the public administration should be literate and competent. In order to make public administration effective, efficient, and accountable, it needs to set goals. The main objectives of public administration are socio-economic (achievement of economic prosperity, building and maintaining a certain system of economic relations, and satisfaction of public interest), political (developing positive proposals and processes in society and state, participating of all political forces in the management of the country, contributing to the improvement of state and social structures and , in particular, human development), security (ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, rule of law in society, public order and safety), institutional (formation of legal system, promoting implementation of all the basic functions of the state and solving all its problems with the help of democratic institutions and the rule of law mechanisms).

Based on the facts named above, I can make a conclusion that the considerable importance in the government belongs to people who work in this system. I believe that government employees have to be of great professionalism in order public administration to be effective. Professional experience and deep knowledge play a huge role in improving the efficiency of public administration. It is appropriate to create business schools where future specialists could learn the priority tasks of the system and experiences of successful managers. Their professionalism must be maintained by conducting appraisals. There is a need to conduct seminars for civil servants with foreign guests to share experiences. I am sure that it is necessary for state personnel to be guided by national interests, listen to the needs of population, and hold meetings with public. In order to improve governance, they should follow its principles. Among the basic principles are the following: democracy (according to which the people is the source of power), legality (activities should be based on compliance with the laws of the country), objectivity (adequate perception of the situation), scientific (adoption and implementation of management decisions should be carried out taking into account scientific developments), concreteness (activity management should take into account specific circumstances of life), and efficiency (achieving the objectives of management activities should be done with minimal effort, time and money). I am sure that managers should be able to find a "middle ground", then the work of public administration will be effective, efficient, and accountable.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Public administration provides the organization of joint activities of people and manages these activities through the relevant bodies of the state apparatus and civil servants who perform certain functions. Among the functional responsibilities I can highlight the following: planning, scientific forecasting, formation of government bodies and organization of their activities, gathering and processing information, monitoring and accounting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
CONCEPT OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW | Kubalskiy | Actual problems of international relations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CONCEPT OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

# data[].attributes.body
Med Sidi& Rabiya

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Robert B. Denhardt is Professor and Director of Leadership Development in the Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California, Regents Professor Emeritus at Arizona State University, and Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the University of Delaware. A past president of the American Society for Public Administration and a member of the National Academy of Public Administration, Dr. Denhardt has published twenty-two books, including THE DANCE OF LEADERSHIP, THE NEW PUBLIC SERVICE, MANAGING HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PUBLIC AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, THEORIES OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATION, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN ACTION ORIENTATION, IN THE SHADOW OF ORGANIZATION, and THE PURSUIT OF SIGNIFICANCE.

Thomas J. Catlaw is the Frank and June Sackton Chair in Public Administration and an Associate Professor in the School of Public Affairs at Arizona State University on the Downtown Phoenix Campus. His research centers on the application of political and social theory to problems of governance and social change. He is the author of Fabricating the People: Politics and Administration in the Biopolitical State and has published widely on matters of public administration and democratic participation. Dr. Catlaw was editor of Administrative Theory & Praxis, an international journal dedicated to innovative and critical analysis of governmental practice, and worked previously for the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in Washington, DC on issues of federal audit policy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
THEORIES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Seventh Edition is a brief, readable overview of public administration theory that presents multiple viewpoints, enabling you to develop your own philosophies of public administration, and helping you relate theory to application.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Character of Sovereignty in the Framework of International Economic Law and Its Progress in Asean Community | Lombok | KnE Social Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Character of Sovereignty in the Framework of International Economic Law and Its Progress in Asean Community

# data[].attributes.headline
 examples of online communities and why/how they are used

# data[].attributes.subject
 examples of online communities and why/how they are used

# data[].attributes.body
Med Salem and Abdellahi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Do Some People Become Great Leaders?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Why do certain people become great leaders? Leadership theories seek to answer this question and usually fit into one of eight basic types.

# data[].attributes.body
lalya and AK have found this article about international relations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This volume provides an overview of communication study, offering theoretical coverage of the broad scope of communication study as well as integrating theory with research. To explicate the integration process, the chapter contributors -- experts in their respective areas -- offer samples in the form of hypothetical studies, published studies, or unpublished research, showing how theory and research are integrated in their particular fields.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Scholarly research on the topic of leadership has witnessed a dramatic increase over the last decade, resulting in the development of diverse leadersh...