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drawing congressional districts to benefit a political party

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established principle "one person, one vote" in drawing congressional districts

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Supreme Court decisions have place following limitations on congressional districts

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Supreme Court decisions have place following limitations on congressional districts

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Districts must be equally populated
Districts must be compact. Lines be contiguous (connected)
Redistricting can not dilute minority voting strength
District lines cannot be drawn solely on race
District lines cannot be drawn based solely on race.  However race can be one of the factors that are considered.
**Supreme Court has NOT eliminated gerrymandering.

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1. Standing committees-permanent committees that continue from one session of Congress to the next.
2. Select committees AKA ad hoc, special committees- temporary committees formed  for a specific purpose
3. Joint committees-include members of both houses. Similar to select committees & focus attention on a major issue
4. Conference committees- temporary committees made up both HOR & Senate members purpose to resolve (smooth out) differences between House & Senate versions of a bill

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Controlled by the Speaker.  It is often called the "traffic cop"
Set guidelines for floor debate
Places bill on calendar, limits time for debate, and decides if amendments will be allowed

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Closed rule sets strict time limits on debates and does NOT allow for amendments
Open rule sets less strict time limits on debate and ALLOWS for amendments.

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has jurisdiction on all taxation & tariffs
Members of the Ways & Means Committee can NOT serve on other House committees

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Most bills die in committees where they are PIGEONHOLED
If a majority of the HOR want to consider a bill that has been pigeonholed the bill can be removed from the committee with a DISCHARGE PETITION signed by majority of the House members

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Filibuster( talk a bill to death) vs. Cloture (vote to limit debate requires 60 votes)

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Filibuster( talk a bill to death) vs. Cloture (vote to limit debate requires 60 votes)

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1. "to talk a bill to death"
2. a tactic for delaying legislation by making long speeches
CLOTURE -A procedure used in the senate to limit debate on a bill (end a filibuster); requires 60 votes.
Now requires 51 votes

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In addition to a Filibuster a Senator can place a HOLD on a bill

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In addition to a Filibuster a Senator can place a HOLD on a bill

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This parliamentary procedure stops a bill from coming to the Senate floor until the hold is removed

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1. setting guidelines for new agencies
2. holding hearings and conducting investigations
3. Using budget control (POWER OF THE PURSE)
4. R