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the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

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Negro Domination : "The Democrats were not only concerned with black office holders, however.  White political officials who ascended to power on the fusionist ticket also did so because of the black vote.  This, too, constituted a form of negro domination" So the idea that they finally have some form power/say by having the "black vote"

Negro rule : Political Cartoonist Norman Jennett drafted this particulary vicious image in June of 1900. An African-American vampire is shown terrorizing the white citizens (including several vulnerable white women) before him. The message on his wings “Negro Rule” and the fusion ballot box on which he stands both suggest that the political power held by African Americans was a danger to white society.

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A slave born in the later 18th century, Vesey bought his freedom from his master at 32. In 1818, he helped found an independent African Methodist Episcopal church that attracted almost 2,000 members. He planned a slave revolt in 1822 in Charleston, SC that was discovered before it could happen.

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Orator/writer of the 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech. Washington spoke to a predominantly white audience, addressing the Atlanta Compromise, a decision through which black, Southern workers would submit to white political power. Opposed by W.E.B Du Bois, because the Compromise wrongly assumed that racial inequalities were based in miscegenation (from Professor Odom).

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A concert, stage, and film actor who was celebrated for his cultural accomplishments and also his political activism. Was active in the American Civil Rights Movement. Robeson received his undergrad law degree from Columbia while also playing in the NFL. He also was a recording artist who partook in many different genres of music (he even recorded some spirituals).

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American abolitionist who advocated for armed insurrection (rebellion with weapons) as the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in America. Commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie. He led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry with intentions on arming slaves in order to start a liberation movement, but the attack failed and he was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia.

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An American author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter, and civil rights activist. He was a prominent figure in the leadership of the NAACP. He was the first African American to be chosen as executive secretary of the organization. Was prevalent during the Harlem Renaissance for his poems, novels, and anthologies.

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A religious movement of the 1730s in the American colonies that deeply affected views of slavery and its relationship to God and Christianity. It generally appealed to all people rather than the traditional hierarchical practices; as such, slaves were incorporated in worship and encouraged to convert. This facilitated their protests and resistance movements, using the Bible as a means to connect (i.e., seeing themselves in the stories) and thus justify how slavery is anti-Christian.

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A mode of thought originating from pre-Civil War abolitionists like Frederick Douglass. Radical Integrationism rejects the idea of black nationalism and favors an approach to equality achieved by united class struggles of black and white workers. The beliefs of radical integrationists was that racism heightened with the increase of capitalism.

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Du Bois critiques Washington because of his more "assimilationist" attitudes to simply take jobs and work for white people. Additionally, Du Bois is critiquing Washington's Atlanta Compromise that called for mutual economic cooperation. Rather, Du Bois advocates for a black nationalist strategy of education. 

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Du Bois critiques Washington because of his more "assimilationist" attitudes to simply take jobs and work for white people. Additionally, Du Bois is critiquing Washington's Atlanta Compromise that called for mutual economic cooperation. Rather, Du Bois advocates for a black nationalist strategy of education. 

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During the 17th and 18th century, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and other influential political figures at the time provided a rationale for slavery based on the hierarchy of classes.

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Robyn Kelly talks about what he calls "the hip hop" generation that answers to the millennials. Brought up in a cultural cynicism. People who had their hopes mutated by the marketplace, an economic system that people now called neoliberalism. Kelly specifically uses surrealism to think about issues that have risen through an age of cynicism. For Kelly, the best way for how we understand power in power of the oppressed people is Cesaire's version of poetic knowledge. Poetic knowledge by Aime Cesaire "Culture is everything. Culture is the way we dress, the way we carry our heads, the way we walk, the way we tie our ties – it is not only the fact of writing books or building houses." The war of maneuver, making money moves, etc. It's not just about those thing. This is why freedom dreams can emerge from this generation. Example, Barack Obama. If you can watch Wrinkle in Time good example of surrealism. The most radical and critical freedom dreaming has come from people on the furthest outskirts of society (colonized, queer, enslaved, women, disabled, people of color, etc.). Ultimately, the idea of freedom dreaming can apply to many of the African American writers/creators we have learned from thus far, who had to develop think about a certain issues/topic in a "surreal" way in order to imagine freedom and dream of new futures.

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1791-1804. A successful slave revolt led by the slaves in the French colony of Haiti against colonial rule. Toussaint L'Ouverture became a major leader figure in the revolt. With its success, French rule was ended and slavery abolished. This revolt inspired many other insurrections, including Vesey's.

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Race riots, lynching and "shotgun policy" 

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Race riots, lynching and "shotgun policy" 

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Race riots are: "a public outbreak of violence between two racial groups in a community."

Lynching: " is a premeditated extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. usually in the form of hanging the person"

Shotgun policy: In Mississippi in 1875 white men resorted to violence and intimidation against black and white Republicans to regain political control of the state for conservative Democrats.

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Novel written by Robin Kelley describing a utopia separate from the oppression of white people. Talks about intersectional feminist ideals, rejecting the white man as the universal enemy as it ignores the white woman's faults. She mentions Henry Giroux'a concept of the "culture of cynicism" where black youth are integrating into white society by means of "getting paid." Seeks to inspire young activists to dream of more than this and to uprise and revolt.

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Civil rights activist and pan-Africanist. 1863-1963. Cofounder of NAACP. He coined the notion of "double-consciousness" in The Souls of Black Folk. He argues that black people can see themselves through the eyes of the "other" (i.e. the white American).

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The war started with the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 and continued between the Central Powers and Allied Powers. The U.S. was not immediately involved in the conflict, but became involved later. African Americans were allowed to enlist, however they were in segregated squadrons. Racial violence was still prominent in the U.S. during the war and many African Americans began to move North in the Great Migration.

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An intellectual movement that works towards connecting people who were relocated by the slave trade with their African roots. The cultural movement promotes the preservation of their native cultures.

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These were traditions of self-identification for African Americans during slavery. Ethiopianism was heavily tied to the concept of “pan-Africanism,” which was a broad and encompassing identity that Black people began to adopt as a way to connect with Africa after having been removed from it. This rose from Biblical stories about Ethiopia and Black religious practices began to mix Christian and African traditions. The Exodus Story is perhaps the most important of these Biblical stories, as slaves identified with the displacement of the Jews and saw hope in the reclaiming/return and ultimate victory that the Jews saw over their slavemasters.

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A black poet, Hammon is considered as one of the founders of African-American literature. Hammon was born into slavery in 1711 but was never emancipated. He is the oldest published African-American writer, having published “An Evening Thought” in 1761. He used a lot of religious (Christian) motifs and imagery in his writings, arguing that Black people being made slaves already have a secured place in heaven. He also believed in gradual emancipation as the way to end slavery.

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A poet, playwright, and politician from Martinique who co-founded the Negritude movement, whose goal was to revive black African cultural identity. Paris-educated, he fought for the decolonization of Africa by France. Much of his work was politically charged.

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coined by James Taylor, described as the "opposite of scientific knowledge," aims to rediscover the knowledge of senses and passions rather than modern straightforward education

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Born in Sunny Ville, Jamaica (left at 17 and moved to Kingston,Jamaica)

Came to South Carolina in 1912

His early work mimicked the style of famous English poets like John Milton and Alexander Pope

Later on in his life he began incorporating Jamaican dialects into his work

He had a great sense of his African heritage

His work ranged from vernacular verse, celebrating life in Jamaica, to questioning White authority

Key figure in Harlem Renaissance

Famous poems: “if we must die”, “Harlem Shadows”

"Songs of Jamaica” (1912): celebrates peasant life, “peaceful death” of his mother, and ties to Jamaica

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During the 17th and 18th century, black authors focusing on religion in order the expose the contradictions in society. They revealed how they were brutally exploited when they should be entitled to equal rights. Black literary tradition helped anti slavery resistance by showing the white population that black people are just as capable of producing literary works as whites.

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Ida B Wells (1862-1931) was feminist, journalist, and cofounder of the NAACP. Writer of the The Red Record.

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The term used to describe the oral traditions passed down throughout enslavement, as African Americans were barred from literacy and thus the majority of black literature became spread via word-of-mouth. It was not “high literature” in that it had perfect grammar and refined style but rather it was about the themes of what was being said. Songs like “Row, Jordan, Row” are good examples of this.

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African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist, she was born into slavery but escaped with her infant daughter. Delivered an impromptu speech titled "Ain't I a Woman?" shedding light to sexism faced by black women.

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In 1896, Italian forces fought against the Ethiopian army in Adwa for colonial control, and lost. This victory is one of the first crushing defeats of a European country by an African one.

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Born September 28, 1796, Walker was an African-American abolitionist, writer, and anti-slavery activist. His father was a slave, but his mother was free, so he was never put into slavery. Walker advocated for black unity and self-help while fighting oppression, and brought to attention the abuses and inequities of slavery. He used and relied on biblical context to challenge slavery, claiming that slavery is inhumane and something God would never have wanted nor approve of. At the time he published An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, many thought his views were extreme.

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Taken from his home in Africa and enslaved, eventually becoming apart of British maritime culture and acquiring literacy, Equiano wrote The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano in which he describes his life in Africa, his abduction, and his experiences  as a black man in the slave trade. He labors to critique the white man for enslaving Africans rather than laboring to enlighten them — thus, while defending the Africans, he also reduces them to lesser than the European.

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A black American slave who led a successful slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia spreading fear of more resistance to slave owners in the South.