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Computer components produce lots of heat because they run between 30-50 degree Celsius idle and between 60-80 or 90 degree Celsius when on load. To stop them from getting damage we connect the fans to computer case to build an airflow so that hot air moves away from the components.
they get power directly from PSU and sometimes have a controller so that people can speed them up or slow them down depending on the temperature.

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All the components need power and they get it independently and not direct from motherboard.
all the components have there own power connector on them and the wire from PSU goes and connects it.
each PSU unit can give certain amount of power so you need to check how much you computer needs and get the PSU that gives that much power.
in the below image this PSU gives 650 watts.
the computer without GPU takes 250-300 watts.
while depending on GPU it can take from below 100 watts to 600 watts on its own.

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Processor is the brain of the computer.
Connector name: CPU socket

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This is the component that the monitor connects too so that it can display what computer is show.
Graphic card converts the codes to images that can be displayed on the monitor.
Processor also has a small graphic card that can be used for everyday task like office work, watching movies, browsing web etc.
But if you want to play games or make games or make movies or videos any thing that is graphic intensive, you will need a dedicated graphic card.
Graphic is itself a whole computer, it has its own RAM which is faster then computer ram, its own processor which is again faster then computer processor and its own motherboard that connects these together.
Connector Name: PCI Express

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Solid State Drive or SSD is the next generation of hard disk and they are tremendously faster then hard disk but they are relatively new technology so they are still expensive. for the amount of 500gb SSD you can buy 5--6 500gb hard disks.
Since they are faster and makes computer very responsive, to save money and still have a fast computer people prefer to use ssd and hard disk together in the same computer. SSD to install the windows and programs on and use hard disk to save large data that do not need faster storage.
Connector Name: SATA Port.
Next generation SSD connect to M.2 port.

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Hard Disk is the main storage of the computer.
It is a non-volatile storage, that means even if the power goes whatever data is inside it stays. And can be accessed when power is given again.
This storage is slow but it has a very large capacity.
Hard disk uses magnetism to write the data onto the disk using the arm to move to a location and change its magnetic orientation to store data.
Connector name: SATA Port

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RAM is a Volatile storage, which means that i can only keep the stored data as long as it is getting power. once it stops getting power it losses all the data.
RAM works with the hard disk. to run the program smoothly the processor needs to access the program files faster and the hard disk is very slow, so to solve that when ever we open the program, it is copied from the hard disk to ram then the processor starts using it.
This is the reason programs have loading time when you open it.
RAM is connected very close to the processor.
Connector name: RAM Slot

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Motherboard is the as its name suggest is the most important part of the computer.
This is the component to which all other things are connected.
This helps components to talk to each other and work with efficiency.
Motherboard houses the processor.
On most consumer grade motherboards there is only one processor, while in commercial motherboard there can be two processors.