# data[].attributes.body
This is merely a gameplay example of the game for the assessment and will not be show at the exhibition or portfolio. It has the objective of showing all of the features and pieces available in the game as well as display anti bug features instead of building hype or gathering fanship.

# data[].attributes.body
Startup, creating the menus's title and character.

# data[].attributes.body
Creating the sub menu's functionality

# data[].attributes.body
Moving the camera

# data[].attributes.body
Attaching equipment to the character

# data[].attributes.body
Creating the Equipment menu

# data[].attributes.body
Lion Inspired set of armor.

# data[].attributes.body
Maori Tattoo's set of armor

# data[].attributes.body
Augmented Reality is a technology that has come from the same place as VR, however has shown very different levels of success. First and foremost this technology is much more accessible to the public, being a simple trick using lenses and basic real time rendering. Even so, the lack of focus due to the hype of VR lead this technology to progress slower than it actually should and as of now you need to have some considerable tech to develop games with this technology on top of being restricted to mobile. Still,, if you are even an indie level studio this will bring much more payoff than VR could ever do and with a fraction of the price.

For my project I wasn't able to get a hang on an available device and the restriction to mobile basically made this not viable for this current proposal. What is frustrating is that I not only did a lot of research on the technology, but I also managed to implement it within my game, but I have been unable to test it due to hardware restriction, soin the end it was a matter of budget.

HowStuffWorks (2018) How Augmented Reality Works | HowStuffWorks. [ONLINE] Available at: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/augmented-reality.htm. [Accessed 18 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With each step forward in the digital revolution, " The Matrix" becomes less like fiction and more like reality. That's in part because hardware engineers and software developers continue to refine their augmented reality technologies, making the line between real and virtual life ever blurrier, no matter how much Keanu Reeves squints in an effort to differentiate the two. Augmented reality (AR), it seems, may soon be the true reality for us all.

Augmented reality is the blending of interactive digital elements - like dazzling visual overlays, buzzy haptic feedback, or other sensory projections - into our real-world environments. If you experienced the hubbub of Pokemon Go, you witnessed augmented reality in action. This (once incredibly popular) mobile game allowed users to view the world around them through their smartphone cameras while projecting game items, including onscreen icons, score, and ever-elusive Pokemon creatures, as overlays that made them seem as if those items were right in your real-life neighborhood. The game's design was so immersive that it sent millions of kids and adults alike walking (and absentmindedly stumbling) through their real-world backyards in search of virtual prizes.

Google SkyMap is another well-known AR app. It overlays information about constellations, planets and more as you point the camera of your smartphone or tablet toward the heavens. Wikitude is an app that looks up information about a landmark or object by your simply pointing at it using your smartphone's camera. Need help visualizing new furniture in your living room? The IKEA Place app will provide an overlay of a new couch for that space before you buy it so that you can make sure it fits [source: Marr]

But AR is more than just smartphone fun. It's a technology that finds uses in more serious matters, from business to warfare to medicine.

The U.S. Army, for example, uses AR tools to create digitally enhanced training missions for soldiers. It's become such a prevalent concept that the army's given one program an official name, Synthetic Training Environment, or STE. Wearable AR glasses and headsets may well help futuristic armies process data overload at incredible speeds, helping commanders make better battlefield decisions on the fly. There are fascinating business benefits, too. The Gatwick passenger app, for example helps travelers navigate the insanity of a packed airport using its AR app.

The possibilities of AR tech are limitless. The only uncertainty is how smoothly, and quickly, developers will integrate these capabilities into devices that we'll use on a daily basis.

The basic idea of augmented reality is to superimpose graphics, audio and other sensory enhancements over a real-world environment in real time. Sounds pretty simple. Besides, haven't television networks been doing that with graphics for decades? However, augmented reality is more advanced than any technology you've seen in television broadcasts, although some new TV effects come close, such as RACEf/x and the super-imposed first down line on televised U.S. football games, both created by Sportvision. But these systems display graphics for only one point of view. Next-generation augmented-reality systems will display graphics for each viewer's perspective.

Some of the most exciting augmented-reality work began taking place in research labs at universities around the world. In February 2009, technophiles at the TED conference were all atwitter because Pattie Maes and Pranav Mistry presented a groundbreaking augmented-reality system, which they developed as part of MIT Media Lab's Fluid Interfaces Group. They called it SixthSense, and although the project is stalled, it's a good overview of how you'll find basic components that are found in many augmented reality systems:

" "
Mistry demonstrates SixthSense

Photo courtesy Sam Ogden, Pranav Mistry, MIT Media Lab

These components were strung together in a lanyard-like apparatus that the user wore around his neck. The user also wore four colored caps on the fingers, and these caps were used to manipulate the images that the projector emitted [source: TED 2009].

SixthSense was remarkable because it used these simple, off-the-shelf components that cost around $350. It was also notable because the projector essentially turned any surface into an interactive screen. Essentially, the device worked by using the camera and mirror to examine the surrounding world, feeding that image to the phone (which processed the image, gathered GPS coordinates and pulled data from the Internet), and then projected information from the projector onto the surface in front of the user, whether a wrist, a wall, or even a person. Because the user was wearing the camera on his chest, SixthSense augmented whatever he looked at; for example, if he picked up a can of soup in a grocery store, SixthSense found and projected onto the soup information about its ingredients, price, nutritional value - even customer reviews.

By using his capped fingers - Pattie Maes said even fingers with different colors of nail polish would work - a user could perform actions on the projected information, which were then picked up by the camera and processed by the phone. If he wanted to know more about that can of soup than was projected on it, he could use his fingers to interact with the projected image and learn about, say, competing brands. Sadly, the SixthSense project went into a years-long hiatus and will probably never reach markets. But there are many other products stepping into the AR fray [source: Vulcan Post].

In the Netherlands, cell phone owners can download an application called Layar that uses the phone's camera and GPS capabilities to gather information about the surrounding area. Layar then shows information about restaurants or other sites in the area, overlaying this information on the phone's screen. You can even point the phone at a building, and Layar will tell you if any companies in that building are hiring, or it might be able to find photos of the building on Flickr or to locate its history on Wikipedia [source: Ensha]

Layar isn't the only application of its type. In October 2018, an organization called Mural Arts Philadelphia created a gigantic interactive outdoors mural. Viewers pointed their smartphones at parts of the mural and then viewed various holograms and listened to matching music for a fully immersive art experience. And in a science-fiction dream come true, fans of the movies can now play "Star Wars" Holochess right on their phones, complete with futuristic graphics and sound [sources: Dickinson, Matney].

Health care professionals may soon rely on smartphone-enabled AR. A company called Tissue Analytics is honing an app that helps doctors and nurses use their phones to quickly identify specific types of wounds for faster diagnosis and more efficient care [source: Comstock].

An app that's simply called Augment will project just about any new product into a real-world environment. Whether it's a new recliner or a lamp, potential buyers can "see" the product in their own homes and read all information and reviews before making a purchase. AR Compass Map 3D is like a mapping app on steroids. It combines compass and map overlays with your camera to create a fully-immersive 3D map that guides you wherever you want to go [source: NewGenApps].

Similarly, a company called Total Immersion makes a wide variety of applications for business and fun. Want to know what those new glasses frames will look like perched on your face before you buy them online? Use the app to slide those frames onto your virtual face and you'll instantly know that horned rims really are not your style [source: Total Immersion].

Then there are apps like the previously mentioned Pokemon Go, a game that was insanely popular in 2016, and allowed players to hunt on their smartphone or tablet virtual creatures scattered in public spaces.

Militaries were some of the early adopters of gaming technology, seeing the possibilities for training soldiers for warfare realistically but in safe settings. And militaries are likely to do the same with AR.

Soldiers will plunge into an evermore immersive battlefield environment accentuated with helmet-mounted displays, smart glasses and much more. It's a market that may be worth $1.4 billion in 2018 [source: VisionGain].

Arcane Technologies, a Canadian company, has sold augmented-reality devices to the U.S. military. The company produces a head-mounted display - the sort of device that was supposed to bring us virtual reality - that superimposes information on your world. Consider a squad of soldiers in Afghanistan, performing reconnaissance on an opposition hideout. An AR-enabled head-mounted display could overlay blueprints or a view from a satellite or overheard drone directly onto the soldiers' field of vision.

And in an odd bit of fiction becoming reality, a lot of these military applications are just now becoming possible, in part because of the amazingly advanced physics calculations and programming made possible by ... the first-person-shooter gaming industry [source: Nichols].

Now that we've established some of the many current and burgeoning uses of augmented reality, let's take a look at the technology's limitations and what the future holds.

We could go on and on with examples of smartphone-driven AR apps, but these programs come and fade rather quickly. It's perhaps more notable to point out that manufacturers are so certain of AR's success that they're actually building devices meant to accentuate the AR experience. ASUS, for example, made the Zenfone AR in hopes of making an early splash in the AR-specific market [source: ASUS].

Two powerful tech leaders - Apple and Google - continue to tweak their mobile devices to handle the demands of AR-specific software. With ever-faster processors for the iPhone, iPad, and the entire galaxy of Android-driven smartphones, these pocket-sized computers are now powerful enough to run data-intensive apps of all kinds, including those that feature AR. Paired with the inevitable rollout of faster 5G data networks, those devices will be able to send and receive mind-boggling amounts of data that will make AR faster and better than ever before, and it will work whether you're in an office building or rolling down a country highway [source: Tardiloli].

You can bet that social media networks will try to capitalize on the coming AR trends. Facebook has its own AR Studio, which helps developers create AR apps meant specifically to work within Facebook's framework, and it is working on AR glasses, too. In the meantime, Google is touting its Tango AR platform, which sports visual search capabilities through Google Lens, a range of camera-enabled AR tools. Apple is in the middle of the race, too, with an ARKit that arms programmers with the code they need to dive into AR app creation for iPhones and other iOS-driven devices [source: Kahney].

The start-stop-start history of the famous Google Glass project might be a fitting way to sum up the nature of AR these days. In 2013, Google unveiled its AR-capable Google Glasses, which essentially provided an AR-type heads-up display of the world around the wearer. But the project lost momentum and stalled in 2015, only to find new hope in 2017, as the company resurrected the Glasses for business purposes. And in 2018, a company called Brain Power began selling the Google Glass as part of a program to help people with autism, improving their social skills and rewarding them for slowly but surely learning to interact in positive ways with the world around them [source: Kronk].

Augmented reality still has some challenges to overcome. For instance, people may not want to rely on their smartphones, which often have small screens on which to superimpose information. For that reason, wearable devices like augmented-reality capable contact lenses and glasses will provide users with more convenient, expansive views of the world around them. Screen real estate will no longer be an issue. In the near future, you may be able to play a real-time strategy game on your computer, or you can invite a friend over, put on your AR glasses, and play on the tabletop in front of you.

There is such a thing as too much information. Just as smartphone and internet addictions are concerns, an overreliance on augmented reality could mean that people are missing out on what's right in front of them. Some people may prefer to use their AR iPhone applications rather than an experienced tour guide, even though a tour guide may be able to offer a level of interaction, an experience and a personal touch unavailable in a computer program. And there are times when a real plaque on a building is preferable to a virtual one, which would be accessible only by people with certain technologies.

There are also privacy concerns. Image-recognition software coupled with AR will, quite soon, allow us to point our phones at people, even strangers, and instantly see information from their Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, LinkedIn or other online profiles. With most of these services people willingly put information about themselves online, but it may be an unwelcome shock to meet someone, only to have him instantly know so much about your life and background.

Despite these concerns, imagine the possibilities: You may learn things about the city you've lived in for years just by pointing your AR-enabled phone at a nearby park or building. If you work in construction, you can save on materials by using virtual markers to designate where a beam should go or which structural support to inspect. Paleontologists working in shifts to assemble a dinosaur skeleton could leave virtual "notes" to team members on the bones themselves, artists could produce virtual graffiti and doctors could overlay a digital image of a patient's X-rays onto a mannequin for added realism.

And we'll continue to see a mix of AR-enabled applications. For instance, companies will undoubtedly continue to unleash basic tools like an AR toothbrushing game from Dixie Cups, meant to teach kids basic brushing skills. And in the same breath, manufacturers, research facilities and more will find new ways to make people more and more productive in the face of an aging populace. All of these tools will help nudge the acceptance and capabilities of AR a bit further along this uncharted technological path [sources: Odell, Abraham and Annunziata].

Over the next few years, we'll likely see jumps in the evolution of the AR concept, in terms of both software, hardware, and a plethora of new applications. You might say that the future of augmented reality is so bright, you're going to need shades - and AR-glasses, too.

Frequently Answered Questions

What is augmented reality reality?

What is the difference between VR and AR?

What is augmented reality and example?

Related HowStuffWorks Articles

More Great Links

Sources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With each step forward in the digital revolution, " The Matrix" becomes less like fiction and more like reality. That's in part because hardware engineers and software developers continue to refine their augmented reality technologies, making the line between real and virtual life ever blurrier, no matter how much Keanu Reeves squints in an effort to differentiate the two.

# data[].attributes.body
3D Printing is  becoming a resource that more and more used in industry, it can speed up development and make a smoother transition from 3D software to physical media in the press of a button. There are some limitations, most due to it's price, but the software itself isn't exactly easy to operate. Furthermore there is the matter of relevancy in this project, there is no way to capture the customized models in game, transfer them into a 3D software where it will send the data to the printer which can take from 3 to 10 hours modelling the sculpture and it is prone to failure. If I am going to use 3D printing at the current state of that technology I must make it the focus and final objective of the project, I can't afford to have it as an afterthought.

3D Printing (2018) What is 3D printing? How does a 3D printer work? Learn 3D printing. [ONLINE] Available at: https://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/. [Accessed 18 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional objects from a digital file.

The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced cross-section of the object.

There is one exception though, and it's called volumetric 3D printing. With volumetric printing entire structures can be formed at once without the need for layer-by-layer fabrication. It's worth noting, however, that as of now, volumetric technology is primarily in the research phase.

3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing which is cutting out / hollowing out a block of material with for instance a milling machine.

3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes using less material than traditional manufacturing methods.

How Does 3D Printing Work?

It all starts with a 3D model. You can opt to create one from the ground up or download it from a 3D library.

3D Software

There are many different software tools available. We've created an overview on our 3D software page.

We often recommend beginners to start with Tinkercad. Tinkercad is free and works in your browser, you don't have to install it on your computer. Tinkercad offers beginner lessons and has a built-in feature to export your model as a printable file e.g .STL or .OBJ.

Now that you have a printable file, the next step is to prepare it for your 3D printer. This is called slicing.

Slicing: From file to 3D Printer

Slicing basically means slicing up a 3D model into hundreds or thousands of layers and is done with slicing software.

When your file is sliced, it's ready for your 3D printer. Feeding the file to your printer can be done via USB, SD or Wi-Fi. Your sliced file is now ready to be 3D printed layer by layer.

3D Printing Industry

Adoption of 3D printing has reached critical mass as those who have yet to integrate additive manufacturing somewhere in their supply chain are now part of an ever-shrinking minority. Where 3D printing was only suitable for prototyping and one-off manufacturing in the early stages, it is now rapidly transforming into a production technology.

Most of the current demand for 3D printing is industrial in nature. Acumen Research and Consulting forecasts the global 3D printing market to reach $41 billion by 2026.

As it evolves, 3D printing technology is destined to transform almost every major industry.

Examples of 3D Printing

3D printing encompasses many forms of technologies and materials as 3D printing is being used in almost all industries you could think of. It's important to see it as a cluster of diverse industries with a myriad of different applications.

A few examples:

- consumer products (eyewear, footwear, design, furniture)

- industrial products (manufacturing tools, prototypes, functional end-use parts)

- dental products

- prosthetics

- architectural scale models & maquettes

- reconstructing fossils

- replicating ancient artefacts

- reconstructing evidence in forensic pathology

- movie props

Rapid Prototyping & Rapid Manufacturing

Companies have used 3D printers in their design process to create prototypes since the late seventies. Using 3D printers for these purposes is called rapid prototyping.

Why use 3D Printers for Rapid Prototyping?
In short: it's fast and relatively cheap. From idea, to 3D model to holding a prototype in your hands is a matter of days instead of weeks. Iterations are easier and cheaper to make and you don't need expensive molds or tools.

Besides rapid prototyping, 3D printing is also used for rapid manufacturing. Rapid manufacturing is a new method of manufacturing where businesses use 3D printers for short run / small batch custom manufacturing.

Automotive

Car manufacturers have been utilizing 3D printing for a long time. Automotive companies are printing spare parts, tools, jigs and fixtures but also end-use parts. 3D printing has enabled on-demand manufacturing which has lead to lower stock levels and has shortened design and production cycles.

Automotive enthusiasts all over the world are using 3D printed parts to restore old cars. One such example is when Australian engineers printed parts to bring a Delage Type-C back to life. In doing so, they had to print parts that were out of production for decades.

Aviation

Aviation loves additive manufacturing, largely due to the promise of lightweight and stronger structures offered by 3D printing. We've seen a whole bunch of innovations in the domain of aviation lately, with the appearance of more critical parts being printed.
Turbine Center Frame
One such large component printed this year was the turbine center frame which was printed by GE as part of the EU Clean Sky 2 initiative.

The Advanced Additive Integrated Turbine Centre Frame (TCF) is a 1 meter diameter part printed in nickel alloy 718 by GE and a consortium from Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), TU Dresden (TUD) and Autodesk. It is one of the largest single metal parts printed for aviation.

Typically components like this are manufactured using casting, and consist of multiple parts. In the case of the 3D printed version, it was reduced from an assembly of 150 parts down to just 1 single piece. The printed version also benefits from a reduction of both cost and mass by 30%, and a reduction in lead time from 9 months to just 10 weeks.
Metal Parts Certified by EASA
Back in June 2022 it was reported that Lufthansa Technik and Premium AEROTEC had created the first load-bearing metal part that had been approved for use in aviation.

The new A-link was produced using LPBF and had demonstrated higher tensile strength compared to the traditionally-forged version.

The part was made at Premium AEROTEC's facility in Varel, Germany, and a large number of test parts were printed and tested to ensure quality and repeatability for certification.

Printing the part represented a cost saving for the component and set the stage for using this manufacturing method for creating structurally important metal parts in the future. It was also used to test the process and to demonstrate the certification process of load-bearing AM parts.
Hypersonic Fuel Injector
This next printed item was never destined to be fitted to an aircraft, but rather it was designed to be installed in a facility for testing flow conditions at hypersonic speeds.

When flying in the hypersonic flight regime above (Mach 5), the air passing around the vehicle becomes incredibly hot, and the pressure increases significantly. These conditions can cause the air itself to become chemically reactive, which causes issues for fuel burning vehicles.

Simulating flow conditions with computational flow diagnostics (CFD) is computationally expensive (if not impossible), and so to replicate the flow conditions, researchers at Purdue fabricated a giant burner to recreate the hot, fast, high pressure experienced in hypersonic flight. In short, they basically built a rocket nozzle and they placed the test components in the exhaust plume to see how they performed.

The injectors that they printed feed fuel and air into the combustion chamber to create specific turbulent flow fields and a stable flame.

The injectors were printed with Hastelloy X, which is a superalloy with superior temperature resistance. The team printed multiple different injectors in rapid time, and tested them all in the burner to see which performed the best.

Now they are able to replicate the hypersonic conditions for flight on Earth at a fraction of the cost (and risk) associated with doing it miles above the Earth's surface. This can benefit fast aircraft such as scramjet powered vehicles as well as space vehicles.
Relativity Space
US-based rocket printing company Relativity Space has a super large metal printer, dubbed the "Stargate". The 4th gen Stargate 3D printer is capable of printing objects measuring 120ft long and 24ft in diameter.

This AI-assisted robotic printer has been able to achieve fast print speeds thanks to its innovative multi-wire print head. This print head allows for multiple metal feedstock wires to be fed into it at the same time, resulting in higher deposition rates.

The company has made their first LEO test flight of the printed Terran-1 rocket in 2023, so we just thought we would give them an honorable mention in this article as a reminder.

You can see the Terran-1 undergoing a hot fire test in the video below.

Construction

Is it possible to print walls? - yes it is. 3D printed houses are already commercially available. Some companies print parts prefab and others do it on-site.

Most of the concrete printing stories we look at on this website are focused on large scale concrete printing systems with fairly large nozzles for a large flow rate. It's great for laying down concrete layers in a fairly quick and repeatable manner. But for truly intricate concrete work that makes full use of the capabilities of 3D printing requires something a little more nimble, and with a finer touch.

Consumer Products

When we first started blogging about 3D printing back in 2011, 3D printing wasn't ready to be used as a production method for large volumes. Nowadays there are numerous examples of end-use 3D printed consumer products.
Footwear
Adidas' 4D range has a fully 3D printed midsole and is being printed in large volumes. We did an article back then, explaining how Adidas were initially releasing just 5,000 pairs of the shoes to the public, and had aimed to sell 100,000 pairs of the AM-infused designs by 2018.

With their latest iterations of the shoe, it seems that they have surpassed that goal, or are on their way to surpassing it. The shoes are available all around the world from local Adidas stores and also from various 3rd party online outlets.
Eyewear
The market of 3D printed eyewear is forecasted to reach $3.4 billion by 2028. A rapidly increasing section is that of end-use frames. 3D printing is a particularly suitable production method for eyewear frames because the measurements of an individual are easy to process in the end product.

But did you know it's also possible to 3D print lenses? Traditional glass lenses don't start out thin and light; they're cut from a much larger block of material called a blank, about 80% of which goes to waste. When we consider how many people wear glasses and how often they need to get a new pair, 80% of those numbers is a lot of waste. On top of that, labs have to keep huge inventories of blanks to meet the custom vision needs of their clients. Finally, however, 3D printing technology has advanced enough to provide high-quality, custom ophthalmic lenses, doing away with the waste and inventory costs of the past. The Luxexcel VisionEngine 3D printer uses a UV-curable acrylate monomer to print two pairs of lenses per hour that require no polishing or post-processing of any kind. The focal areas can also be completely customized so that a certain area of the lens can provide better clarity at a distance while a different area of the lens provides better vision up close.
Jewelry
There are two ways of producing jewelry with a 3D printer. You can either use a direct or indirect production process. Direct refers to the creation of an object straight from the 3D design while indirect manufacturing means that the object (pattern) that is 3D printed eventually is used to create a mold for investment casting.

Healthcare

It's not uncommon these days to see headlines about 3D printed implants. Often, those cases are experimental, which can make it seem like 3D printing is still a fringe technology in the medical and healthcare sectors, but that's not the case anymore. Over the last decade, more than 100,000 hip replacements have been 3D printed by GE Additive.

The Delta-TT Cup designed by Dr. Guido Grappiolo and LimaCorporate is made of Trabecular Titanium, which is characterized by a regular, three-dimensional, hexagonal cell structure that imitates trabecular bone morphology. The trabecular structure increases the biocompatibility of the titanium by encouraging bone growth into the implant. Some of the first Delta-TT implants are still running strong over a decade later.

Another 3D printed healthcare component that does a good job of being undetectable is the hearing aid. It is estimated that 99% of hearing aids manufactured are made with the use of additive manufacturing, and it's clear to see why.
Dental
In the dental industry, we see molds for clear aligners being possibly the most 3D printed objects in the world. Currently, the molds are 3D printed with both resin and powder based 3D printing processes, but also via material jetting. Crowns and dentures are already directly 3D printed, along with surgical guides.
Bio-printing
As of the early two-thousands 3D printing technology has been studied by biotech firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications where organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. Layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium and slowly built up to form three dimensional structures. We refer to this field of research with the term: bio-printing.

Food

Additive manufacturing invaded the food industry long time ago. Restaurants like Food Ink and Melisse use this as a unique selling point to attract customers from across the world.

Education

Educators and students have long been using 3D printers in the classroom. 3D printing enables students to materialize their ideas in a fast and affordable way.

While additive manufacturing-specific degrees are fairly new, universities have long been using 3D printers in other disciplines. There are many educational courses one can take to engage with 3D printing. Universities offer courses on things that are adjacent to 3D printing like CAD and 3D design, which can be applied to 3D printing at a certain stage.

In terms of prototyping, many university programs are turning to printers. There are specializations in additive manufacturing one can attain through architecture or industrial design degrees. Printed prototypes are also very common in the arts, animation and fashion studies as well.

Types of 3D Printing Technologies and Processes

Below we discuss six types of 3D printing. These are:

Vat Photopolymerisation

A 3D printer based on the Vat Photopolymerisation method has a container filled with photopolymer resin. The resin is hardened with a UV light source.
Stereolithography (SLA)
SLA was invented in 1986 by Charles Hull, who also at the time founded the company, 3D Systems. Stereolithography employs a vat of liquid curable photopolymer resin and an ultraviolet laser to build the object's layers one at a time. For each layer, the laser beam traces a cross-section of the part pattern on the surface of the liquid resin. Exposure to the ultraviolet laser light cures and solidifies the pattern traced on the resin and fuses it to the layer below.

After the pattern has been traced, the SLA's elevator platform descends by a distance equal to the thickness of a single layer, typically 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm (0.002″ to 0.006″). Then, a resin-filled blade sweeps across the cross section of the part, re-coating it with fresh material. On this new liquid surface, the subsequent layer pattern is traced, joining the previous layer. Depending on the object & print orientation, SLA often requires the use of support structures.
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
DLP or Digital Light Processing refers to a method of printing that makes use of light and photosensitive polymers. While it is very similar to SLA, the key difference is the light source. DLP utilizes other light sources like arc lamps. DLP is relatively quick compared to other 3D printing technologies.

Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)

CLIP is a proprietary 3D printing technology developed by Carbon. CLIP uses an oxygen-permeable window which creates a "dead zone" (a thin liquid interface) of uncured resin between the window and the object. This prevents the part from adhering to the bottom of the print basin. This technology allows for a continuous printing process, which significantly speeds up production.

Material Jetting

In this process, material is applied in droplets through a small diameter nozzle, similar to the way a common inkjet paper printer works, but it is applied layer-by-layer to a build platform and then hardened by UV light.

Binder Jetting

With Binder Jetting two materials are used: powder base material and a liquid binder. In the build chamber, powder is spread in equal layers and binder is applied through jet nozzles that "glue" the powder particles in the required shape. After the print is finished, the remaining powder is cleaned off which often can be re-used printing the next object. This technology was first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993.

Material Extrusion
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
FDM works using a plastic filament which is unwound from a spool and is supplied to an extrusion nozzle which can turn the flow on and off. The nozzle is heated to melt the material and can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions by a numerically controlled mechanism. The object is produced by extruding melted material to form layers as the material hardens immediately after extrusion from the nozzle.

FDM was invented by Scott Crump in the late 80's. After patenting this technology he started the company Stratasys in 1988.
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)
The exactly equivalent term, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), was coined by the members of the RepRap project to give a phrase that would be legally unconstrained in its use.

Powder Bed Fusion
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
SLS uses a high power laser to fuse small particles of powder into a mass that has the desired three dimensional shape. The laser selectively fuses powder by first scanning the cross-sections (or layers) on the surface of a powder bed. After each cross-section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered by one layer thickness. Then a new layer of material is applied on top and the process is repeated until the object is completed.
Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)
Multi Jet Fusion technology was developed by Hewlett Packard and works with a sweeping arm which deposits a layer of powder and then another arm equipped with inkjets which selectively applies a binder agent over the material. The inkjets also deposit a detailing agent around the binder to ensure precise dimensionality and smooth surfaces. Finally, the layer is exposed to a burst of thermal energy that causes the agents to react.
Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
DMLS is basically the same as SLS, but uses metal powder instead. All unused powder remains as it is and becomes a support structure for the object. Unused powder can be re-used for the next print.

Due to of increased laser power, DMLS has evolved into a laser melting process. Read more about that and other metal technologies on our metal technologies overview page.

Directed Energy Deposition

This process is mostly used in the metal industry and in rapid manufacturing applications. The 3D printing apparatus is usually attached to a multi-axis robotic arm and consists of a nozzle that deposits metal powder or wire on a surface and an energy source (laser, electron beam or plasma arc) that melts it, forming a solid object.

Materials

Multiple materials can be used in additive manufacturing: plastics, metals, concrete, ceramics, paper and certain edibles (e.g. chocolate). Materials are often produced in wire feedstock a.k.a. filament, powder form or liquid resin. Learn more about materials on our materials category.

Services

Looking to implement 3D printing in your production process? Get a quote for a custom part or order samples on our 3D print service page.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is 3D printing? How does a 3D printer work? Learn 3D printing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn how to 3D print. 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
O Usina FabLab é um espaço de fabricação digital e prototipagem de ideias visando a inovação, invenção e proporcionando estímulo para o empreendedorismo.

# data[].attributes.body
When researching 3D Printing the biggest problem would be renting such a service for the exhibition. Because of that I did some research on the biggest suppliers of 3D Printers trying to gather info on their services and the results I got were pretty disappointing. The technology is really fragile and expensive, so even though you can commission pieces for a decent price, actually getting access to this can be incredibly hard and no company that I talked to was offering a deal. Furthermore this things have to be order days in advance, 3D is a process that is currently just too slow for current exhibitions and would not be feasible in this environment.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Impressão 3D de prototipagem rápida | 3D Systems

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Faça a impressão 3D de seu projeto de forma rápida, simples e intuitiva. Materialize sua criação através da mais alta tecnologia de impressão 3D do mercado. De um simples hobby, peças exclusivas de design, miniaturas, colecionismo, sem limites para sua imaginação.

# data[].attributes.headline
Virtual Reality - NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH AUGMENTED REALITY. THOSE ARE WILDLY DIFFERENT REALMS OF TECHNOLOGY.

# data[].attributes.subject
Virtual Reality - NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH AUGMENTED REALITY. THOSE ARE WILDLY DIFFERENT REALMS OF TECHNOLOGY.

# data[].attributes.body
VR is the current tech tht is drawing the attention of the public and media, but the more I research about the more assured I am of it's limitations. It's a gimmick and one that doesnt bring much to the table at that. The problem, however, is how much you have to sacrifice as it is an expensive, constraining and uncomfortable technology in it's current state and that I can't see being used by the public until 2030.

Virtual Reality Society ( 2018) What is Virtual Reality? - Virtual Reality Society. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/what-is-virtual-reality.html. [Accessed 18 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The definition of virtual reality comes, naturally, from the definitions for both 'virtual' and 'reality'. The definition of 'virtual' is near and reality is what we experience as human beings. So the term 'virtual reality' basically means 'near-reality'. This could, of course, mean anything but it usually refers to a specific type of reality emulation.

We know the world through our senses and perception systems. In school we all learned that we have five senses: taste, touch, smell, sight and hearing. These are however only our most obvious sense organs. The truth is that humans have many more senses than this, such as a sense of balance for example. These other sensory inputs, plus some special processing of sensory information by our brains ensures that we have a rich flow of information from the environment to our minds.

Everything that we know about our reality comes by way of our senses. In other words, our entire experience of reality is simply a combination of sensory information and our brains sense-making mechanisms for that information. It stands to reason then, that if you can present your senses with made-up information, your perception of reality would also change in response to it. You would be presented with a version of reality that isn't really there, but from your perspective it would be perceived as real. Something we would refer to as a virtual reality.

So, in summary, virtual reality entails presenting our senses with a computer generated virtual environment that we can explore in some fashion.

In technical terms...

Answering "what is virtual reality" in technical terms is straight-forward. Virtual reality is the term used to describe a three-dimensional, computer generated environment which can be explored and interacted with by a person. That person becomes part of this virtual world or is immersed within this environment and whilst there, is able to manipulate objects or perform a series of actions.

How is virtual reality achieved?

Although we talk about a few historical early forms of virtual reality elsewhere on the site, today virtual reality is usually implemented using computer technology. There are a range of systems that are used for this purpose, such as headsets, omni-directional treadmills and special gloves. These are used to actually stimulate our senses together in order to create the illusion of reality.

This is more difficult than it sounds, since our senses and brains are evolved to provide us with a finely synchronised and mediated experience. If anything is even a little off we can usually tell. This is where you'll hear terms such as immersiveness and realism enter the conversation. These issues that divide convincing or enjoyable virtual reality experiences from jarring or unpleasant ones are partly technical and partly conceptual. Virtual reality technology needs to take our physiology into account. For example, the human visual field does not look like a video frame. We have (more or less) 180 degrees of vision and although you are not always consciously aware of your peripheral vision, if it were gone you'd notice. Similarly when what your eyes and the vestibular system in your ears tell you are in conflict it can cause motion sickness. Which is what happens to some people on boats or when they read while in a car.

If an implementation of virtual reality manages to get the combination of hardware, software and sensory synchronicity just right it achieves something known as a sense of presence. Where the subject really feels like they are present in that environment.

Why have virtual reality?

This may seems like a lot of effort, and it is! What makes the development of virtual reality worthwhile? The potential entertainment value is clear. Immersive films and video games are good examples. The entertainment industry is after all a multi-billion dollar one and consumers are always keen on novelty. Virtual reality has many other, more serious, applications as well.

There are a wide variety of applications for virtual reality which include:

Virtual reality can lead to new and exciting discoveries in these areas which impact upon our day to day lives.

Wherever it is too dangerous, expensive or impractical to do something in reality, virtual reality is the answer. From trainee fighter pilots to medical applications trainee surgeons, virtual reality allows us to take virtual risks in order to gain real world experience. As the cost of virtual reality goes down and it becomes more mainstream you can expect more serious uses, such as education or productivity applications, to come to the fore. Virtual reality and its cousin augmented reality could substantively change the way we interface with our digital technologies. Continuing the trend of humanising our technology.

Features of virtual reality systems

There are many different types of virtual reality systems but they all share the same characteristics such as the ability to allow the person to view three-dimensional images. These images appear life-sized to the person.

Plus they change as the person moves around their environment which corresponds with the change in their field of vision. The aim is for a seamless join between the person's head and eye movements and the appropriate response, e.g. change in perception. This ensures that the virtual environment is both realistic and enjoyable.

A virtual environment should provide the appropriate responses - in real time- as the person explores their surroundings. The problems arise when there is a delay between the person's actions and system response or latency which then disrupts their experience. The person becomes aware that they are in an artificial environment and adjusts their behaviour accordingly which results in a stilted, mechanical form of interaction.

The aim is for a natural, free-flowing form of interaction which will result in a memorable experience.

Summary

Virtual reality is the creation of a virtual environment presented to our senses in such a way that we experience it as if we were really there. It uses a host of technologies to achieve this goal and is a technically complex feat that has to account for our perception and cognition. It has both entertainment and serious uses. The technology is becoming cheaper and more widespread. We can expect to see many more innovative uses for the technology in the future and perhaps a fundamental way in which we communicate and work thanks to the possibilities of virtual reality.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Virtual Reality? - Virtual Reality Society

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The definition of virtual reality comes, naturally, from the definitions for both 'virtual' and 'reality'. The definition of 'virtual' is near and reality is what we experience as human beings. So the term 'virtual reality' basically means 'near-reality'. This could, of course, mean anything but it usually refers to a specific type of reality emulation.

# data[].attributes.body
This are the work in progress pictures of one of the models I have worked one. This model specifically was riding on the lore of the series that the original was based on, each frame was named after a demon from the 72 Goethe, but most of them were destroyed during the war. Because of that I tried to re imagine what another one of these demons would look like and from that I started adding my own flavor. I wanted the mobile suit to look aggressive, like a renegade, and in comparison to the noble knight look of the others this one would double down on the demon aspects. The head sculpt look much more like devilish horns instead of a crown. The weapons were also very interesting, a couple of knifes are suitable for a rogue, someone that kills from the shadows, instead of the vanguard swords and maces of the other models.

# data[].attributes.body
YouTube (2018) Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus - Extra Sci Fi - #1 - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnSmGFmP8qU. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus - Extra Sci Fi - Part 1

# data[].attributes.body
YouTube (2018) The Martian Chronicles - A Dying Race - Extra Sci Fi - #11 - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3tnh0mOGJI. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Martian Chronicles - A Dying Race - Extra Sci Fi - #11

# data[].attributes.body
This new arrangement is to adjust for my developments with AR. Since the tech seemed to be a fish too big for me to hook during this project there would be no need to for the physical scenarios and, therefore, the desk where they would stand. This new layout removes the desk and reposition the plinths to go around the game screen, a much more pleasing design that draws attention to the game instead of taking attention way from it.

# data[].attributes.body
The posing system worked especially well, it plays an animation over the standard model, making it goes very smoothly and yet robot like. The only small complain is that it isnt a smart system, meaning that the animations always play starting from neutral instead of smoothly transitioning from one to the other.

# data[].attributes.body
Even though implementing this shader was mostly an act of following a tutorial and adjusting values according to what I was aiming for, there were some surprising visuals that I managed to get along the way. Those are products of the post process shader and even though they are technically incomplete I can for sure see myself using them for some other projects as the visuals feel very unique, almost like a cyber noir look.

# data[].attributes.body
This work with the title gives a sense of 3D and depth that speaks to the overall tone and artstyle of the game. Furthermore this background gives a futuirstic industry vibe that may give some context that the words may not be able to convey on their own. The texture itself is to add more flavor and to serve as an important contrast to the overwhelming white of the background.

# data[].attributes.body
The secondary menus implement a slight camera change that makes room for a more centralized HUD. Since there arent many option it wouldnt have made any sense to dedicate so much of the screen to it, instead I used a bit of the screen, but in a very significant place.

# data[].attributes.body
This was the finalized version of the menu. it was the result of implementing all of the feedback acquired in past tests as well as some of my own play testing.

-I brought the color column closer to the parts column to reduce mouse movements.
-I made horizontal scroll boxes for each customizable part in order to make them feel farther apart from each other. This was due to confusing of players when navigating the menus.
-I also made graphics for the scroll bars in order to give more information about which section of the menu the player's in.
-The next button was also placed to be non intrusive and not get in the way of the mecha, but still big enough to be seen.

# data[].attributes.body
YouTube (2018) Maya Tutorial - Quad Draw Tool - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=161&v=takFYSXDxzg. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.body
Meanwhile, clay takes a very long time to finish drying and that makes it much harder to work with the finished products, on the other hand, I found clay much easier to sculpt due to it's nature of acting as the fill while plaster needs a frame of reference in order to properly sculpt.

# data[].attributes.body
Cardboard was overall a better material than paper, but it still does not have the weight needed for this kinds of project. It's also really slow to set up, usually having to rely on glue that takes over 3 hours to start drying up. Another solution is using tape, though that looks much more professional.

# data[].attributes.body
Good software for recording work , will help a lot when in long work sessions since it will not disrupt the flow of work and still do the job of recording my workflow.

Cafe Recorder - A Simple Timelapse Screen Recorder (2018) Cafe Recorder - A Simple Timelapse Screen Recorder. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.lomakescomics.com/cafe/. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cafe Recorder - A Simple Timelapse Screen Recorder

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Cafe Recorder is a simple screen recorder software intended to be used for the creation of timelapse-style videos.

# data[].attributes.body
51480 possible robots counting the colors

# data[].attributes.body
When initially describing my project proposal I had in mind that it would be ideal to have a tablet for displaying as I thought that the controls were intuitive and also that having a product for mobile would appeal more to the mobile focused industry here in Brazil. Unfortunately the setback of this technology became quite clear quite fast, it's severely underpowered, meaning that I would have to downgrade the graphics in my game back to the PS1 era. Furthermore all of the renting services only have old hardware with little to no graphical focus, since it is most used for research and other simple tasks, meaning that I wouldn't even be able to work with current gen Hardware. On top of that, these old machines simply cannot support AR due to their age, killing the whole idea of using AR in this exhibition and, most importantly, killing the main appeal of using a mobile system in the first place.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Modelos de Tablets para Aluguel | Aluguel de Tablets

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Conheça os modelos de tablets para aluguel, com as melhores condições. Aluguel Tablets para eventos, feiras, pesquisas ou conforme a sua necessidade.

# data[].attributes.body
For this build I tried to make the buttons closer apart in order to avoid fatigue from players as this was a common complaint on the feedback.

# data[].attributes.body
Cultural response could improve Maori financial literacy (2018) Cultural response could improve Maori financial literacy. [ONLINE] Available at: https://phys.org/news/2016-10-cultural-response-maori-financial-literacy.html. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
October 12, 2016 , Massey University

Credit: Massey University

A report on the spending habits of Māori women has identified that a culturally-responsive community model could help improve financial literacy among Māori. The research project, which was conducted by the Westpac Massey fin-Ed Centre and funded by the SkyCity Auckland Community Trust, asked Māori women to complete a spending diary for six to 12 weeks and/or take part in focus groups and financial health check surveys.

Fifty-one women, mainly from South Auckland, completed the required components of the research project. They ranged from beneficiaries to being in part-time and full-time employment.

Westpac Massey Fin-Ed Centre director and report author Dr Pushpa Wood says while the sample size was small, the project provided useful insights for creating targeted financial literacy programmes for Māori women who often play key roles in their communities.

In addition to recording their spending, the women were asked to categorise their spending in terms of 'wants' and 'needs' and to answer questions about saving habits and borrowing.

"We wanted to find out what they were spending their money on, what could be done to help them understand their spending habits and, above all, what some of their spending habits were costing them," Dr Wood says.

She says that one of the most interesting things to come out of the survey was the willingness of participants to openly discuss their finances with whānau.

"The majority of participants said they would borrow from family or friends at short notice. In Western culture, people tend to keep their finances more private, but with the women in this group there was a sense of collective responsibility around spending and borrowing.

"Family is the first port of call for borrowing - they help each other, there's no interest and no time limit. This whānau model could be a very good model of microfinance within Māori communities."

This attitude was also reflected in the fact that 32 per cent of participants said they would borrow from a non-bank lender for a significant short-term purchase, while only 5 per cent would go to a bank.
Māori women taking control of their finances
Dr Wood, who has a long history of adult financial literacy advocacy, says her goal is to show Māori women that they have a range of options when it comes to their spending decisions, even if they are on limited incomes.

The survey found that the participants wanted to build capability at local hapū, iwi and marae level but that there was a lack of financial capability. She also believes a more culturally responsive methodology was likely to result in increased participation.

"There was a feeling from participants that they didn't have control of their own money. Through being involved in the research, they were able to see that no one is forcing them to make spending decisions, that they can manage their own money," Dr Wood says.

While there is generally a gap between men and women regarding financial literacy, Dr Wood believes Māori women may be doubly disadvantaged. The disproportionate incidence of smoking and resulting ill-health among Māori women, for example, compounds financial disadvantage so it is important to understand both the cultural and historical context, she says.

"While relatively small in scale, this research project backs up findings from other Fin-Ed Centre initiatives around the country. We can learn much from the collective and and non-judgemental thinking of participants in this research project, insights which can be easily be applied to other communities."
'Spending habits of Māori women' - key findings:

64% of the spending was on needs, 36% on wants.

59% of participants save none of their income.

50% of respondents don't have a credit card.

41% have money for significant short-term purchases; 32% would borrow from a non-bank lender and 5% from a bank.

68% don't have any retirement savings.

91% expressed concern at ability to meet future financial obligations.

50% have student loans, the most common form of debt recorded.

77% would borrow from family/friends at short notice.

Top major financial decisions included buying a car (41%) and 27% made no financial decisions in the past five years.

More information: 'Spending habits of Māori women: www.massey.ac.nz/massey/fms/Co ... h/188803_A4_Copy.pdf

Provided by: Massey University

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cultural response could improve Maori financial literacy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A report on the spending habits of Māori women has identified that a culturally-responsive community model could help improve financial literacy among Māori. The research project, which was conducted by the Westpac Massey ...

# data[].attributes.body
Pousada Maori - Boiçucanga (2018) A pousada - Pousada Maori - Boiçucanga. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.pousadamaori.com.br/pousada/. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Pousada Maori possui um atendimento exclusivo para que você se sinta em casa.

# data[].attributes.body
myloview (2018) Único maori laptop adesivos • adesivos para a parede maori, polinésio, tribal | myloview.com.br. [ONLINE] Available at: https://myloview.com.br/adesivo-unico-maori-no-25451D. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Adesivo - título: Único maori - entrega imediata, a mais nova tecnologia!

# data[].attributes.body
Mercado Livre Brasil - Onde comprar e vender de Tudo (2018) Mercado Livre Brasil - Onde comprar e vender de Tudo. [ONLINE] Available at: https://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/MLB-866109596-tatuagem-20x15cm-temporaria-tartaruga-maori-n5-_JM. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tatuagem 20x15cm Temporária Tartaruga Maori Nº5 - R$ 28,20

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Compre-o no Mercado Livre por R$ 28,20 - Compre em 12 parcelas. Encontre mais produtos de Arte e Artesanato, Equipamento para Tatuagens, Tatuagens Temporárias.

# data[].attributes.body
Exploring more about the Polynesian culture I found out the importance of the tattoo and the symbolism that comes with them.

The tattoos of the Maori tribe are especially impressive, usually depicting the animals of the land and ocean in a grand meaner preserving them with awe and respect on the users's own skin, it is definitely a design idea worth exploring, if not for robot parts than at leas and a texture for the parts.

Dicionário de Símbolos ( 2018) Significado dos Símbolos Maori - Dicionário de Símbolos. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.dicionariodesimbolos.com.br/simbolos-maori/. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A riqueza da cultura maori foi transmitida e é conhecida até os nossos dias através dos símbolos maori, especialmente através das tatuagens, que são consideradas sagradas. Os índios da Nova Zelândia, os tangata whenua, acreditavam e praticavam uma série de rituais intrinsecamente ligados com a natureza.

Tatuagens

Uma vez que inicialmente se acreditava que as tatuagens eram uma espécie de amuleto, os homens maori faziam mokas principalmente no rosto. Essa tatuagem fazia parte de um rito de iniciação e realçavam sua identidade, além de demonstrar posição social elevada.

Bastante dolorosas, as tatuagens maori eram feitas com facas e outros instrumentos feitos com dentes de tubarão e pedras afiadas. As imagens consistiam em figuras curvas que encaixadas entre si formavam um desenho. A cor utilizada era o preto.

Atualmente, os desenhos mais escolhidos no estilo maori são aqueles que representam sentimentos ou princípios de conduta e qualidades, tais como perda, coragem e bravura. Esses, em decorrência da complexidade e dos detalhes, costumam ser bastante vistosos.

A onda é outro desenho bastante comum. É um símbolo ngaru que significa permanência e honra.

As imagens de animais são também populares.

Conheça os símbolos mais utilizados em tatuagens em Tatuagens Masculinas e Tatuagens Femininas.

Animais

Na cultura maori, o tubarão é a maior representação de soberania no mundo animal.

A tartaruga maori é um símbolo da família. Ela representa também a longevidade e a calma.
Arraia
A arraia é o símbolo representativo da sabedoria e da proteção. Por outro lado, em decorrência do seu ataque, pode também simbolizar o perigo.
Coruja
A coruja maori, por sua vez, além de também representar a sabedoria, simboliza a alma das mulheres.

Deuses

Existe uma versão maori da lenda do deus Maui, que é retratada como um falcão.

As penas dessa ave são castanhas, aparentemente queimadas, pois diz a lenda que Maui teria roubado o fogo à Terra e assim foi queimado pelas chamas.

O deus Kahukura - símbolo da mortalidade do homem - é o deus maori do arco-íris, que é invocado na guerra. Simboliza, ainda, o caminho do céu para a terra.

Tumatauenga é o deus da guerra maori. Ele é invocado mediante a dança haka, que envolve caretas numa expressão desafiadora e também através de gritos de guerra.

Estrelas

A cultura maori considera as estrelas uma proteção para o mal, de modo que elas se relacionam com a ida dos guerreiros para as batalhas.

Por esse motivo, os nativos da Nova Zelândia tinham suas portas decoradas com esses astros.

Conheça outros Símbolos Indígenas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Significado dos Símbolos Maori - Dicionário de Símbolos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A riqueza da cultura maori foi transmitida e é conhecida até os nossos dias através dos símbolos maori, especialmente através das tatuagens, que são...

# data[].attributes.body
- Camera suddenly moves out of sight glitch *ALREADY FIXED*
-Make the Scroll Bar more visible
-More Camera controls and movements
-Bigger Hands_3
-Remove Equip Feature
-Write "Colors" over the color menu.
-Make buttons stay closer apart for easier navigation.

Average play time: 5 min

# data[].attributes.body
YouTube (2018). Behind the Magic: Building Jaegers for "Pacific Rim" - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2yoTMUzBLY. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Behind the Magic: Building Jaegers for "Pacific Rim"

# data[].attributes.body
Alexander McQueen was a really important designer when it comes to British fashion and that could be argued is due to his background. McQueen worked for a long time as a tailor before enlisting in fashion school and, as such he did not view the system with the same tired eyes as others, for him it was a blank canvas. In that blank canvas he defied the very stage concept and used violence and aggressiveness to display motion and passion like no there designer.

YouTube (2018) LIFE OF A STAR : ALEXANDER Mc QUEEN AND I - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2458&v=ILnLCIujKd8. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
LIFE OF A STAR : ALEXANDER Mc QUEEN AND I

# data[].attributes.body
raywenderlich.com (2018) Unreal Engine 4 Cel Shading Tutorial | raywenderlich.com. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.raywenderlich.com/146-unreal-engine-4-cel-shading-tutorial. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In this Unreal Engine 4 tutorial, you will learn how to use post process materials to create a cel shader.

Developing realistic-looking games is Unreal Engine 4 is easy due to physically based rendering. This model approximates how light interacts with materials, resulting in realistic images. However, if you want to develop a game with a stylized look, you need to explore other techniques.

One of the ways to achieve a stylized look is to use cel shading (also known as toon shading). This technique mimics the shading typically used in cartoons and anime. You can see examples of this in games such as Jet Set Radio, The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Gravity Rush.

In this tutorial, you will learn how to:

Create and use a post process material

Create a cel shader

Isolate the cel shader to specific meshes

Control the color bands using lookup tables

Note: This tutorial assumes you already know the basics of using Unreal Engine. If you are new to Unreal Engine, you should go through our 10-part Unreal Engine for Beginners tutorial series first.

Note: This tutorial is part of a 4-part tutorial series on shaders in Unreal Engine:

Getting Started

Download the starter project and unzip it. Navigate to the project folder and open CelShader.uproject. You will see the following scene:

This is the character you will be cel shading. Before you start, you should know what cel shading is.

What is Cel Shading?

Cel shading is when you render something using multiple bands of color rather than a continuous gradient.

Below is an example of cel shading in The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Note that only the character has cel shading while the background does not.

In this image, there are three bands. One for shadows, one for midtones and one for highlights.

A common misconception is that if something has outlines, it is cel shaded. An example of this is Borderlands. Although this game has a stylized look, it is not cel shaded. You can see this in the image below. Notice that the character's shading does not utilize bands of color.

Even though outlines are not cel shading, it is common to combine them together. This helps an image look like it was drawn or inked. You will see this a lot in anime-styled games such as Guilty Gear Xrd and Dragon Ball FighterZ.

In the next section, you will learn how you can implement cel shading.

Cel Shading Method

The most common method is to compare the surface direction (known as the normal) and the light direction. By calculating the dot product between the normal and light direction, you will get a value between -1 and 1.

A value of -1 means the surface and light are facing opposite directions. 0 means they are perpendicular to each other. 1 means they are facing the same direction.

By thresholding the dot product, you can create multiple bands. For example, you can assign a darker color if the dot product is higher than -0.8. If the dot product is lower than -0.8, assign a light color. This will create a two band cel shader.

The limitation with this method is that other lights cannot affect cel shaded objects. Also, objects can not cast shadows on cel shaded objects.

To fix this, you need to use a different method. Instead of calculating the dot product, you calculate how lit a surface is. You can then use this value during thresholding instead of the dot product.

Now that you know what a cel shader is and how it works, it's time to create one.

Creating the Cel Shader

The cel shading in this tutorial is a post process effect. Post processing allows you to alter the image after the engine has finished rendering it. Common uses for post processing are depth of field, motion blur and bloom.

To create your own post process effect, you need to use a post process material. Navigate to the Materials folder and create a new Material. Rename it to PP_CelShader and then open it.

The first step in creating the cel shader is to calculate how lit each pixel is. We'll call this the lighting buffer.

Calculating the Lighting Buffer

When Unreal renders an image to the screen, it stores passes to buffers. To calculate the lighting buffer, you will need to access two of these buffers:

1. Post Process Input: Once Unreal has performed lighting and post processing, it will store the image to this buffer. This is what Unreal will display to the player if you do not perform further post processing.

2. Diffuse Color: This is the scene without any lighting and post processing. It will contain the diffuse colors of everything on-screen.

To calculate the lighting buffer, simply divide SceneTexture:PostProcessInput0 by SceneTexture:DiffuseColor. Order is important here!

Afterwards, use a Clamp so the values stay within the 0 to 1 range. This makes it easier to perform thresholding since you know your possible values.

Here is a visualization of the lighting buffer:

As you can see, the lit areas are closer to white and the unlit areas are closer to black.

Next, you will use the lighting buffer to create a threshold.

Creating a Threshold

For this cel shader, any pixel with a value greater than 0.5 will use the normal diffuse color. Pixels with a value less than 0.5 will use the diffuse color at half brightness.

First, create an If node. This will let you compare two values. You can then specify different outputs depending on the comparison result.

Next, connect the Clamp to the A input. Afterwards, create a Constant with a value of 0.5 and plug it into the B input.

Note: You can change the value of the B input to change the threshold.

To get the colors, create a SceneTexture and set its Scene Texture Id to Diffuse Color. Afterwards, multiply Color by 0.5 to get the diffuse at half brightness.

Finally, connect everything like so:

Summary:

1. Desaturation will convert Post Process Input and Diffuse Color to grayscale images

2. Divide will divide Post Process Input by Diffuse Color. This will give you the lighting buffer.

3. The Clamp will keep the values within the 0 to 1 range

4. The If will output the normal diffuse color if the lighting value is greater than 0.5. If it is less than 0.5 it will output the diffuse color at half brightness.

Now that you have your cel shader, you need to apply it to the scene.

Using Post Process Materials

To use post process materials, you need to create a Post Process Volume. These are commonly used to control post process effects such as white balance, saturation and contrast.

Now you need to tell the Post Process Volume to use the cel shader. With the Post Process Volume selected, go to the Details panel. Afterwards, locate Rendering Features\Post Process Materials and click the + icon. This will add a new entry to the array.

Next, click the Choose drop-down and select Asset Reference.

This will allow you to select a material. Click the None drop-down and select PP_CelShader.

By default, Post Process Volumes will only take affect if you are inside of it. However, in this case, you want it to affect the entire world. To do this, scroll down to Post Process Volume Settings and enable Infinite Extent (Unbound).

Now that the cel shader is being applied to the entire image, you will see this:

"Hang on, that doesn't look like the cel shader you showed earlier!"

The main reason it looks different is because the engine is applying the cel shader after tonemapping. To fix this, you need to tell the engine to apply the cel shader before tonemapping.

Applying Cel Shading Before Tonemapping

Before displaying an image to the player, Unreal performs a process called tonemapping. One of the reasons for tonemapping is to make the image look more natural. It does this by taking an input color and then uses a curve to shift it to a new value.

Below are two images of the Post Process Input buffer. One before tonemapping and one after tonemapping:

As you can see, the highlights before tonemapping are too bright. However, after tonemapping, the bright areas are softer.

Tonemapping is fine in most cases. However, since you are using the Post Process Input buffer in a calculation, you need its original values.

Open PP_CelShader and make sure you do not have anything selected. Afterwards, go to the Details panel and locate the Post Process Material section. Set Blendable Location to Before Tonemapping.

Click Apply and then go back to the main editor. The colors are looking a lot better now!

In the next section, you will learn how to only apply cel shading to specific objects.

Isolating the Cel Shader

To isolate post process effects, you need to use a feature called Custom Depth. Like Post Process Input and Diffuse Color, this is a buffer you can use in post process materials.

Before you learn what Custom Depth is, you should know what the Scene Depth buffer is. Scene Depth stores how far each pixel is from the camera plane. Here is a visualization of Scene Depth:

Custom Depth stores the same information but only for meshes you specify. Here is a visualization of it with the viking rendered to Custom Depth:

By comparing Scene Depth against Custom Depth, you can isolate effects. If Scene Depth is less than Custom Depth, use the normal image. If Scene Depth is greater than Custom Depth, use the cel shaded image.

The first step is to render the viking to Custom Depth.

Using Custom Depth

Next, you need to perform the depth comparison. Open PP_CelShader and create the following setup:

Note: The Mask (R) nodes are Component Masks. These allow you to convert multi-channel data into scalars. The reason you need to mask Scene Depth and Custom Depth is because the If node only accepts scalars for the A and B inputs.

Now, only meshes that rendered to Custom Depth will have cel shading.

Click Apply and then go back to the main editor. You will see that only the viking has cel shading now.

The cel shader is working great but it's a bit simple. What if you want to have more than two bands? What if you want to create a softer transition between bands? You can accomplish this by using lookup tables (LUT).

What is a Lookup Table?

When you were young, you learned what multiplication is. However, a young mind might not have been able to perform these calculations. Instead of calculating, you might have used a multiplication table to "look up" the answers.

This is essentially what a LUT is. It is an array of values (usually precomputed) which you can access with inputs. In the case with the multiplication table, the inputs are the multiplier and multiplicand.

In the context of this cel shader, a LUT is a texture with some sort of gradient. Here are four examples of what a LUT could look like:

Currently, the way you are calculating the shadow color is by multiplying the diffuse color by 0.5. Instead of multiplying by a constant 0.5, you will use a value from the LUT. By doing this, you can control the number of bands and their transitions. You can get an idea of how the shading would look by the appearance of the LUT.

Before you use a LUT, you need to change some of its texture settings.

Changing LUT Settings

Navigate to the Textures folder and open T_Lut_01. This is what the LUT looks like:

The first setting you need to change is sRGB. When rendering, Unreal will convert any textures with sRGB enabled to linear color. Basically, this makes it easier for Unreal to perform rendering calculations.

The sRGB setting is good for textures which describe appearance. However, textures such as normal maps and LUTs hold values meant for math calculations. As such, Unreal should assume their values are already correct. By disabling sRGB, Unreal will not perform the conversion to linear color.

The next setting you need to change is how the texture tiles. Since you are not displaying this texture, there is no need to tile it. Furthermore, leaving tiling enabled will introduce issues when sampling from the edges. For example, if you were to sample a pixel from the left edge, it will try to blend to the right edge because of tiling.

That's all for the settings. Now you need to use the LUT in the post process material.

Using LUTs

Close T_Lut_01 and open PP_CelShader. First, delete the highlighted nodes:

If you remember, LUTs take inputs to determine which value to output. In this case, you will use the lighting buffer as the input.

This works because the lighting buffer and texture coordinates are in the range of 0 to 1. For example, if a pixel from the lighting buffer is 0.5, the LUT will output the pixel value from the middle of the texture.

Next, you need to multiply the diffuse color with the LUT. To do this, recreate the following setup:

Finally, connect everything like so:

Now, instead of multiplying diffuse color by a constant, you are multiplying by a value from the LUT. This controls how many bands there are and their transitions (depending on the LUT). The lighting buffer determines which value the LUT will output.

Click Apply and then close PP_CelShader. The shading will now have three bands with a softer transition between bands.

Below is a comparison of what alternative LUTs would look like. These LUTs are also included in the project.

Where to Go From Here?

You can download the completed project here.

As you can see, post process materials are very powerful. They allow you to create a lot of realistic and stylized effects. If you'd like to learn more about post processing, check out the Post Process Effects documentation.

If there are any effects you'd like to me cover, let me know in the comments below!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In this Unreal Engine 4 tutorial, you will learn how to use post process materials to create a cel shader. Developing realistic-looking games is Unreal Engine 4 is easy due to physically based rendering. This model approximates how light interacts with materials, resulting in realistic images.

# data[].attributes.body
After trying some drawings I decided to make a 3D model of how I wanted my exhibition to look like. This makes everything so much easier to envision as it gives a proper sense of scale and positioning. It's further enhanced by the default mannequin that serves as a model of how much a visitor scales to the exhibit.

More details about the specifics of this arrangement can be found at the exhibition draft.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Balcão De Degustação, Stand Promocional Small Basico S/porta - R$ 350,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Compre-o no Mercado Livre por R$ 350,00 - Compre em 12 parcelas. Encontre mais produtos de Agro, Indústria e Comércio, Comércio, Outros.

# data[].attributes.body
This would be an easy knockout for my exhibition, it is extremely similar to an usual game stand and it supports the PC on it's own. However I do feel a lack of personality by doing this, it would be a display method that simply copies my inspirations instead of using them and making something new out of it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Balcão Promocional Bolsa para transporte (Case) opcionais: Rodinhas R$ 40,00 Porta R$ 60,00 Adesivado R$ 120,00 Tampo, Base e Pratelera em PS 3mm Valor sem FRETE ATENÇÃO: ENTREGA FEITA PELO CORREIOS NÃO NOS RESPONSABILIZAMOS POR ATRASO NA ENTREGA, O CÁLCULO DO PRAZO É FEITO DE ACORDO COM O CEP INFORMADO NO SITE DO CORREIOS.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pronta Entrega Gundam Iron-blooded Orphans Hg Display Bandai - R$ 20,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Compre-o no Mercado Livre por R$ 20,00 - Compre em 12 parcelas. Encontre mais produtos de Brinquedos e Hobbies, Bonecos e Figuras de Ação, Anime, Gundam.

# data[].attributes.body
I've decided to exhibit some of my own collection of customized Gunpla, but in order for them to all look at their best I would need a few more action bases so these two seem to be the more appropriate ones. The orange is much cheaper, but it has a horrible color for a mere display and also has no hinges, while the black one is perfect for the theme, but is 3x the price.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gundam Action Base 05 Black Bandai - R$ 62,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Venda com PRONTA ENTREGA deste kit NOVO para montar DESMONTADO (todos com runners lacrados, caixas em perfeito estado). A altura informada do modelo é uma estimativa conforma a linha e modelo, pois como se trata de um kit de montar e não um modelo montado, não há como medir precisamente seu tamanho antes de montá-lo.

# data[].attributes.body
Same as the acrylic stand, but much cheaper. I was considering adding this to my exhibition, but since we already have a central theme defined that they want everyone to follow it would feel very out of place to suddenly put a piece of wood.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Painel Festa 3 X 2 Infantil Lona Banner Madeira Branca - R$ 119,91

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Painel Banner para Festa de Aniversário Infantil; Lona Fosca 280g; Impressão Digital de Alta Definição; 8 Ilhós; Sem Bainha; Conteúdo da embalagem: 01 Painel de festa medindo 3,00x2,00 metros Não nos responsabilizamos por eventuais atrasos dos Correios ou Transportadoras.

# data[].attributes.body
An idea for adding more flavor, maybe if I printed a really big poster to go with my display. This is, however an extremely large price to play for avain display that simply distracts from the bigger experience that is the game. Still if I had the money to invest i would make sure to add it to the exhibition.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Totem Display Acrilico Personalizado 1.20m P/ Lojas Eventos - R$ 1.489,43

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
TOTEM DE ACRILICO PERSONALIZADO COM FILME FOTOGRÁFICO - 1.20 METROS DE ALTURA EXPOSITOR, DISPLAY DE CHÃO PARA LOJAS, EVENTOS, FEIRAS, IGREJAS E EMPRESAS PARA QUE SERVE UM TOTEM DE ACRÍLICO? O totem de acrílico, serve para fazer a exposição e a divulgação de sua empresa.

# data[].attributes.body
Explanations in my draft statement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suporte Veicular Tablet Gps 10 7 Polegada Ipad Galaxy Tab V3 - R$ 22,50

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1. Não vendemos para CNPJ de Atacado e Varejo; 2. Enviamos o código de rastreamento assim que o produto for postado ; 3. Simule o frete ao lado da foto do produto clicando em modificar; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUPORTE PARA IPAD E TABLET 7, 8, 9 ATÉ 10.1 POLEGADAS Transforme suas viagens em seu veiculo muito mais agradável e confortável.

# data[].attributes.body
Explanations in my draft statement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suporte Para Ipad E Tablets Acrílico Moldado - R$ 70,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Categoria: Suportes Suporte em acrílico cristal com 5 mm de espessura para tablets, iPads e celulares, feito artesanalmente. Valor: R$ 70,00 Cores: pode ser feito em qualquer cor de acrílico transparente ou leitoso com alteração de preço (sob consulta).

# data[].attributes.body
Explanations in my draft statement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suporte Para Tablet, Livros, Celular Com 10unidades Ref 7 - R$ 37,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Excelente produto para sua vitrine para exposição de seus produtos medidas 10,5 cm de altura e largura de 7 cm apoio de 2,5 cm novo disponivel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suporte Antifurto Para Tablet E Ipad 15928-t - R$ 175,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Suporte e Expositor para tablets e iPads; Para tablets ou iPads de 8 a 10.1 polegadas. A base de acrilico pode-se prender com a nossa fita 3M ou parafusado. Posição vertical ou horizontal. Base de acrilico de 04mm Base de acrilico vem com fita 3M e furação para parafusar ( não acompanha parafusos); Cabo de aço retrátil de 90 cm.

# data[].attributes.body
Explanations in my draft statement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suporte Antifurto Para Tablet E Ipads Modelo-15922 - R$ 175,00

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Expositor em acrilico de 05 mm com cabo retrátil e suporte de acrilico para mesa , para tablet ou ipad com fita 3M de alta resistência; Instalação limpar superficie com álcool; Preso com fita 3M no tablet, sistema sem alarme, cabo em aço de 90 cm.

# data[].attributes.body
Explanations in my draft statement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Anel Ring Suporte Hook Iphone Tablet Kit 6 Peças Anti Furto - R$ 21,99

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Suporte Anel Ring Com Suporte Hook Para Smartphone Kit 6 Peças Anti Furto Celular Tablet Anel Suporte para Smartphone ou Tablet Acompanha 6 Suportes Ring em cores variadas (Preto - Rosa - Dourado - Prata) Ótimo acessório para tirar foto, digitar texto, ouvir música, assistir vídeos sem precisar segurar o seu smartphone.

# data[].attributes.body
In many ways car modeling isnt any different from toy modeling, actually one niche are people who model and collect toy cars. The car has gone from this item of function and transport to this trophy that implements aesthetics and lore over it's actually premise. The aesthetics of cars change from decade to decade and have certain trends and fads due to popularity shift, again, not unlike the toy modeling community, which for some time started to skin down they mech designs to the bone.

YouTube (2018) Home Built By Jeff - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/homebuiltbyjeff?fbclid=IwAR3jXNSMQeqCr_SFFxnVjDmsTmlN_ZxnyR7gFdtf0a8FPyR6wWQtUv6N9Cg. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
I love classic cars, and I love building every aspect myself at home in my garage. Follow my Porsche 911, Datsun 240z and Alfa 105. From panel and rust repai...

# data[].attributes.body
Antony's work is one that isn't necessarily defined by it's technical finesse, but by it's emotion. The work transmits a sense of fun and joy that the artist must have had while creating the work. Every piece seems to be a new wacky design brought to life and I say this in the best way possible, it gives life and personality to it's designs and the work seems to be much more interested on the designs themselves than some deeper meaning that the author wants to tell, which

Antony Gormley (2018) Antony Gormley. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.antonygormley.com/. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Website of British sculptor Antony Gormley, creator of the Angel of the North, Field for the British Isles, and Quantum Cloud.

# data[].attributes.body
Daredevil's Intro sequence is very simple, there arent a lot of intense visual, but every shot packs a punch. We see many symbolic landmarks of New York now covered in blood, not as a splatter, but with so much blood that whatever essence of the object is being completely obscured. At the end we see the protagonist, Daredevil being molded by this blood, slowly taking shape. This is not only amazing visual storytelling, talking about the situation of the New York in this universe as well as Matt's origin story, it also is amazing in the visual department, the fluidness of the blood is eerie and yet it catches you in a trance .

YouTube (2018) Daredevil Opening Credits and Theme Song - YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dALGMuPVQqQ. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Daredevil Opening Credits and Theme Song

# data[].attributes.body
The unique shape that carbon atoms can take is something that is completly unique in nature. Even in it`s simplet graphitte form or as a crystalized diamond it is still very interesting how it uses the same basic component in such a complex manner. It gets even more interesting when you consider all the complex structures that humans are able to engineer with a bunch of carbon atoms.

Carbon Structures (2018) Carbon Structures. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/arch374/winter2002/psbmonro/. [Accessed 16 November 2018].

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Building Blocks of Our World.

Four Structural Forms of Carbon

Amorphous

Graphite

Diamond

Carbon 60 or Buckminsterfullerene

Quick Background Information

http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/

Carbon is unique in its ability to form a close to ten million different compounds.

Carbon forms a stable structure with itself in many triangular variations.

Coke

Graphite is a Non-metallic, dull, crystalline form.

Diamonds are a Glossy, crystalline form.

Carbon has been used in its elemental forms in industry as early as when Thomas Edison used it to make filaments for his light bulbs.

Amorphous Carbon Structure

This carbon structure is visually a highly disordered structure.

It is for this reason that it lacks structural integrity .

This carbon structure forms at the edges or is the residue of other elemental compounds.

The disorder of this structure allows it to have many available bonds and and is responsible for building more complex carbon based molecules.

An irregular carbon structure used to fire smelting plants., This piece has had all the excess chemicals and elements burned off and all that remains is the jagged and irregular carbon structure.

*The following sample of coke has been treated and refined to be a more consistent, but still irregular Carbon structure.

Carbonization/Graphitisation

We can see the process that coke and similar irregular carbon structures, or carbon based molecules ,take through either a series of artificial treatments, or a lengthy natural process involving pressure and heat within the earths crust, to become more ordered into graphite.

This process is commonly know as graphitisation.

Graphite

A regular lattice structure that forms in layers, each molecular combination forms in a rhombus pattern, consisting of two triangular bonds.

The layering pattern means graphite can be very brittle in shear between layers and can fracture, but is very strong in a direction perpendicular to this because of the ordered dense structure that it forms.

Below we can see an example of the natural formation patterns of graphite. Note the triangular formation of the crystalline structure, which originates at the molecular level and expands exponentially, in a fractal manner that is common in all carbon structure formations.

Reactor

Carbon is used in Japan in reactors and particle accelerators, like the ones shown, as regulators because the dense lattice of graphite slows and regulates the motion of neutrons, while remaining inactive. this makes it extremely useful in the nuclear industry.

Graphite Products

The following links lead to the sites of industrial companies, creators of carbon rods used in arc welding and other graphite products. Shown below are examples of industrial seals made of graphite because the graphite structure is very strong in a tight sealed connection and does not need additional lubricant to seal it because of its density. This means it is very strong in the direction of the seal, making it a very important material in this industry.

http://carboneverflow.co.in/newcarbon/IGE/igeall.htm http://www.dcarbon.co.kr/

The graphite used in pencils is commonly a compressed powder and the residue it leaves on the paper is due to the shearing of the graphite with the friction of the paper.

Diamonds form in a very dense triangulated tree dimensional structure. This makes them one of the hardest materials on earth and extremely valuable, not only for their durability and glassy appearance as jewelry but also in their industrial applications. The layered pattern we saw in graphite has now overlapped and become denser but large and irregular shaped diamonds are so hard that they may fracture along the lines of the bonds if struck bluntly with force.

Diamond

Natural Diamond

This cubic high density lattice structure forms both naturally and artificially and can be found in a variety of colors and clarities..

Note the triangular formations found within larger triangular formations in this example of a octahedron diamond face structure. This begins to resemble the fractal divisions of triangles that we discussed in class.

CVD Synthetic

The diamond is one of the hardest substances on earth, making it very useful in the industrial field.

HPHT Synthetic

Diamond Film

Naturally diamonds form in regular patterned three dimensional structures based on a triangular growth pattern, again showing the fractal aspect of its structural formation.

Rough Diamonds

Natural diamonds are mined in various locations around the world and the demand and value placed upon them as objects has resulted in violence and wars.

Cut Diamonds

"At 102.23 carats, it's the largest flawless oval cut diamond in history."

High demand for quality diamonds has made them a valuable commodity, and they may be used as currency in war or as collateral assets to back up a loan or mortgage.

Uses of Carbon Fiber.

If you were to strike this stone properly it could fracture.

Diamonds are valued based on their clarity, color, and lack of inclusions.

Summary

In summary we can look in a new way at the four types of carbon structures.

Amorphous

Graphite

Diamond

Carbon 60

Frosted Strawberry

This strawberry has been frosted with 100 minute diamonds, each of which has been hand cut by one of 800,000 skilled laborers found in the Indian diamond trading market and where purchased for ninety dollars.

Larger Fullerene Variations

Here we can see the fractal scales of the cut structures.

Carbon 60

More Fullerene Variations

Buckminsterfullene

Nanotubes

The nano tube is a variation of fullene that has become elongated in its structural patterning due to its molecular arrangements.

Fractal Pattern Growth

They are extremely strong and cannot be crushed. The only way to destroy them is to break a bond at the molecular scale.

Its discovery and proposed application won a Nobel Prize in 1985, awarded to Prof. Lawrence Scott and his team of twelve scientists.

Carbon 60 is known as Buckminsterfullerene, named after Mr. Buckminsterfuller, whose work we have already discussed, primarily regarding the geodesic sphere. This molecular structure has been deemed the "Bucky Ball."

Fullerene Variations

Here are some larger fullerene molecules that consist of a different number of atoms, each creating a unique structure.

Notice how the transitional ones, between spherical combinations, are oval shaped.

Carbon Fibers

Here we see these variations of Fullerene taken to a must greater scale, up to Carbon 960.

Carbon Fiber Ends

Fullerene molecules can be used to combine with free radicals, as it forms weak bonds at each of its junctures, which can be used someday in the fight against cancer.

These molecules again shows a fractal patterning in this natural structure.

Carbon Fiber End

These variations of fullerene are meant to combine with other elemental molecular structures.

Rigid Structures

We see the beginning of what is known as the Nano tube.

This is an example of the fractal pattern growth of carbon fibers from nanotubes.

A fiber is made up of bundles of bundles of bundles of Nanotubes aligned in the same directions, making the fiber extremely strong but also extremely light in weight.

This is an image of treated carbon fibers, ready for use in many applications in the industrial world. The fibers shown here have been treated to remove residual irregular structures and show the clear remaining fibers

Here we can see the ends of a grouping of fractured fibers. We can see by the scale just how small these are. This is why work with nanotubes at a molecular scale is so expensive.

We can see how the fibers have broken irregularly at an angle because of their internal structuring. Again, in some ways they are very strong and in others very brittle.

In this image of the end of a single carbon fiber we can see that the fracture is rough and irregular, unlike the shear fractures we have seen before.

This is an example of a sample material made of carbon fibers.

It is much stronger than

This is a very large rough diamond at 265.82 carats. It will eventually be cut into four sizable diamonds for the high price retail market.

The proper techniques for cutting a diamond of specific cut are very rigid and because of the high demand and high value of diamonds as jewels.

For more information about the harvesting of natural diamonds please see National Geographic Issue March 2002 or http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2002/03/01/html/hm_20020301.html

Diamond Face Octahedron

Here we can see a dense repetition of triangles within each other marking the growth pattern of this diamond face tetrahedron.

CVD formation is a common synthetic form grown for industrial use, or for inexpensive jewelry.

These artificially created diamonds have a very specific spectral analysis, easily identifying them as a synthetic.

This is one of the more elaborate forms of diamond that are synthetically produce.

These synthetic diamonds are created by crystallizing carbon molecules left in a on a synthetic surface by the extraction of another normally gaseous element such as nitrogen.

This is a sample of a film of diamond material that has been synthetically formed using a application treatment of nitrogen.
steel or any other metallic molecule in ratio to its density. This allows us to create light-weight, but very strong materials.
Here are some examples of products and materials made from carbon fibers, including cloth and bicycle frames.

http://www.ballard.com/carbon_fabrics.asp http://www.aegisbicycles.com/

Delhaés, Pierre Graphite and Precursors, N.V.:Gordon And Breach Science Publishers 2001

DresselHaus, M.S. + G. Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes,Kentucky:Academic Press Inc.1996

Marsh, Harry Introduction to Carbon Science,Newcastle, U.K.: Buttersworth &Co. Ltd. 1989

Nazaré, M.H. (Neves, A.J.) Diamond, London, UK: INSPEC 2001

Price, Edward E. Atomic Form, London: Longsman, Green & Co. 1922

Radovic Ljubisa R. Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, University Park, Pennsylvania: Marcel Dekker Inc.2001

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Building Blocks of Our World. Four Structural Forms of Carbon Amorphous Graphite Diamond Carbon 60 or Buckminsterfullerene Quick Background Information http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/ Carbon is unique in its ability to form a close to ten million different compounds. Carbon forms a stable structure with itself in many triangular variations.

# data[].attributes.body
This was something which I had not seen before, but are sets made of wood that you can put together to form an object. It`s incredibly creative and reminds me a lot of a more traditional version of Legos.

# data[].attributes.body
When walking through a nearby street I noticed this interestingly designed pizzeria. I am not sure if it was build during the 70s or recently, but certainly evoked a more oldschool vibe. That is a very normal thing in a big city as some people simply admire the aesthetics of the old days, however this time it served a purpose. This played served pizza made the old fashioned way  and therefore the looks of the place were but a marketing ploy to convey the restaurant's food.

This dedication of the whole structure to convey a core belief or idea is to be admired and studied even if it is just a marketing ploy.

# data[].attributes.body
Easy template cutouts for paper modeling

# data[].attributes.body
Different kinds of papers with metalic and sparkling textures for more varied scenarios