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Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects areas of the brain that process language. It involves difficulty reading, identifying speech sounds, and having a hard time distinguishing letters and words (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)). Dyslexia tends to run in the family, however the exact causes of dyslexia are not completely clear. Students with Dyslexia have trouble learning, social problems, the risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), often feel less intelligent, stressed, depressed, increase anxiety, and overall feel discouraged in schools, which can affect their academic and emotional wellbeing (LD OnLine).

Sources listed below.

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Young Children:

Late talking

Problems remembering words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words

Difficulty learning new words or nursery rhymes

School-age children:

Reading well below expected level for age

Problems processing and understanding information

Difficulty remembering things in sequence and memorizing

Difficulty spelling and reading aloud

Tend to avoid activities that involve reading

Have trouble expressing themselves clearly

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Three strategies for teachers to accommodate students with Dyslexia:

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Three strategies for teachers to accommodate students with Dyslexia:

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There is no cure for dyslexia but there are three specific strategies that teachers can use to accommodate to these particular students in the classroom.

1. Use of assistive technology

Such as tablets, electronic readers/dictionaries/spellers,

text to speech programs, audio books (for the child to follow along), or a reading pen.

2. Teachers should incorporate large-print text and specific fonts for worksheets or readings.

BEST fonts to use- Helvetica, Courier, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif, roman, Computer Modern Unicode, and monospaced fonts

WORST fonts to use- Arial It. and italics

3. For math assignments, students should turn lined paper vertically to help keep numbers in appropriate columns while computing math problems

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Three links for Teachers who have students with Dyslexia:

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Three links for Teachers who have students with Dyslexia:

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1. This article is “Dyslexia In the Classroom: What Every Teacher Needs to Know.” It is a handbook from the International Dyslexia Association, that explains Dyslexia and classroom strategies, tips, and tools geared towards teachers who can accommodate these students in the classroom.
https://dyslexiaida.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DITC-Handbook.pdf

2. This article is “At a Glance: Classroom Accommodations for Dyslexia,” by Amanda Morin from an organization called Understand. It provides tips for teachers on how useful materials, different types of teaching techniques, and providing enough classwork time is necessary for the success of dyslexic students in the classroom. https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/partnering-with-childs-school/instructional-strategies/at-a-glance-classroom-accommodations-for-dyslexia

3. I also included this study that was conducted from the University of Michigan by Luz Rello and Ricardo Baeza-Yates as they researched “Good Fonts for Dyslexia.” This article contains information on what types of fonts should be used and not used when giving dyslexic students worksheets. I recommend reading this article, it is very interesting.
http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/sites/default/files/good_fonts_for_dyslexia_study.pdf

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Two links for Parents who have children with Dyslexia:

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Two links for Parents who have children with Dyslexia:

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1. This link is from The International Dyslexia Association and provides "Tips for Parents and Families of Children with Dyslexia." It includes tips about how parents can assist with homework, use computers, play word games, provides reading suggestions, and even gives tips on how parents and teachers can work together to accommodate children.
http://hi.dyslexiaida.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2016/03/Tips-for-Parents-and-Families-of-Children-with-Dyslexia.pdf

2. This link is from the Child Mind Institute and is an overall guide for parents who have a child with dyslexia or think their child may have it. It explains what Dyslexia is, common signs, the impact it has on children, how a child can be evaluated for Dyslexia, and showing emotional support for their children.
https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-to-dyslexia/what-is-dyslexia/

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Two resources used for description of Dyslexia

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Two resources used for description of Dyslexia

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1. This article is from a nonprofit organization named Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). It provides general information about Dyslexia and its symptoms for infants, young children, and adults. It demonstrates the causes, risk factors, and complications with Dyslexia for all ages.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353552

2. This article is from LD OnLine organization and is about the “Social and Emotional Problems Related to Dyslexia.” Dr. Michael Ryan explains how dyslexia can be discouraging, frustrating, cause anxiety, anger, and depression for children who have it. He provides tips and ways to help children with dyslexia.
http://www.ldonline.org/article/19296/

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Overview

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process language.

Dyslexia is not due to problems with intelligence, hearing or vision. Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized education program. Emotional support also plays an important role.

Though there's no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention result in the best outcome. Sometimes dyslexia goes undiagnosed for years and isn't recognized until adulthood, but it's never too late to seek help.

Symptoms

Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a child starts learning to read.

Before school

Signs that a young child may be at risk of dyslexia include:

Late talking

Learning new words slowly

Problems forming words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words or confusing words that sound alike

Problems remembering or naming letters, numbers and colors

Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games

School age

Once your child is in school, dyslexia symptoms may become more apparent, including:

Reading well below the expected level for age

Problems processing and understanding what is heard

Difficulty finding the right word or forming answers to questions

Problems remembering the sequence of things

Difficulty seeing (and occasionally hearing) similarities and differences in letters and words

Inability to sound out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word

Difficulty spelling

Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing

Avoiding activities that involve reading

Teens and adults

Dyslexia signs in teens and adults are a lot like those in children. Some common dyslexia symptoms in teens and adults include:

Difficulty reading, including reading aloud

Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing

Problems spelling

Avoiding activities that involve reading

Mispronouncing names or words, or problems retrieving words

Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing

Difficulty summarizing a story

Trouble learning a foreign language

Difficulty doing math word problems

When to see a doctor

Though most children are ready to learn reading by kindergarten or first grade, children with dyslexia often have trouble learning to read by that time. Talk with your health care provider if your child's reading level is below what's expected for your child's age or if you notice other signs of dyslexia.

When dyslexia goes undiagnosed and untreated, childhood reading difficulties continue into adulthood.

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Causes

Dyslexia results from individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends to run in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language.

Risk factors

A family history of dyslexia or other reading or learning disabilities increases the risk of having dyslexia.

Complications

Dyslexia can lead to several problems, including:

Trouble learning. Because reading is a skill basic to most other school subjects, a child with dyslexia is at a disadvantage in most classes and may have trouble keeping up with peers.

Social problems. Left untreated, dyslexia may lead to low self-esteem, behavior problems, anxiety, aggression, and withdrawal from friends, parents and teachers.

Problems as adults. The inability to read and comprehend can prevent children from reaching their potential as they grow up. This can have negative long-term educational, social and economic impacts.

Children who have dyslexia are at increased risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and vice versa. ADHD can cause difficulty keeping attention. It can also cause hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can make dyslexia harder to treat.

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This learning disorder involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words.