# data[].attributes.body
Our project title focuses on representation of resistance and gender in photography during the long century (1789-1914). Based on this title, we decided to compare three events; the 1913 Dublin Lockout, the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire and the American Civil war (1861-1865).

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Dublin Lockout was an industrial dispute between the workforce and employers that spanned from the 26th of August to 18th of January 1914. The dispute erupted from the workers’ desire to unionise. Unionising would mean workers could demand better conditions and better rights, something that didn’t sit well with employers. James Larkin took the side of the workers and set up the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union; the first union to cater for both skilled and unskilled workers.

As a result, employers locked out their workers and employed others from around Ireland and Britain. The lock-out eventually concluded in early 1914, when the TUC in Britain rejected Larkin and Connolly's request for a sympathetic strike. Most workers, many of whom were on the brink of starvation, went back to work and signed pledges not to join a union. The ITGWU was badly damaged by its defeat in the Lockout, and was further hit by the departure of Larkin to the United States in 1914 and the execution of Connolly, one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire occurred on 25th of March 1911 in New York City. It resulted in the death of 146 people and highlights the improper working conditions faced by many workers at that time. There had been a protest a year prior to the fire where the workers had requests more sanitary working conditions and better safety precautions to no success.

It was said that the fire was caused by a cigarette being dropped into a pile of fabric scarps. Due to the flammable nature of fabrics the fire quickly took over the factory. Many women attempted to jump out the windows from 8-9 stories high avoid being burnt alive.There was only one fully operational elevator that could only be reached through a narrow corridor. There were two stairways down to the street, but one was locked from the outside to prevent stealing and the other only opened inward. The fire escape very narrow, it would have taken hours for all the workers to reach street level, even without a fire to escape. On top of this, the owners refused to install sprinkler systems or to take other safety measures.

The owners of the factory where eventually put on trial for manslaughter however due to lack of evidence they were not convicted.Following the fire, protests took place in New York calling for reform of on Women’s Labour Laws.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The role of women in the American Civil War (1861-1865) is perhaps one you may not expect. While the men were away, the women took their places in all aspects of society and rose to new positions that previously were unheard of. During this time, women were not perceived as equals by any stretch of the imagination. Women were nurses, surgeons, relief workers, cooks, laundresses, organizers, witnesses and mourners, but more than this, they were spies and soldiers too. Despite women not being allowed serve in combat, this rule was not always adhered to. Health checks consisted of checking whether someone could hold a gun or not so women became combatants more easily than one might think. The estimated amount of women on the front line was between 400 and 750.There were many different reasons as to why women went to war. For some, it was to share in the burdens of their loved ones. Others joined for adventure, to keep their families fed or due to patriotism.

Women were also assumed to just be medical or cooking staff so they managed to travel quite easily. Women often flew under the radar and they used this to their advantage. Mary Ann Pitman served as a very effective spy. Women were able to get information off the enemy as men did not expect women to be politicized. They smuggled messages back in their dresses, corsets and parasols.

However, not all women disguised themselves as men. ‘Daughters of the Regiment’ served in regiments where usually one of their relatives were. They acted as nurses on hospital ships and cooked meals. Other women were slightly more involved. Susie King Taylor, a laundress for her husband’s regiment, ended up doing little washing. Instead, she spent her time helping the sick, cleaning guns and teaching soldiers how to read. Many other notable women fought in the war. Clara Barton, known as the ‘Angel of the Battlefield’, refused to wait for soldiers to be brought to the back of the battlefield to treat them and so she began treating them where they fell. Frances Clayton, disguised as ‘Jack Williams’, fought for the Union Army in eighteen battles.

Women began to change their lives during the war. Education standards improved hugely, they were given more legal rights and were given access to more manufactured goods by the mid-1800s. A movement of reforms also began as women took on temperance, the abolition of slavery and prison improvements. It was not only a war between North and South, but between women and their former role in society.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Comparing

Both incidents resulted in protests against the improper working conditions faced by the working class in both Dublin and New York. However, the events differ in how most of the deaths in Dublin came from military involvement to counteract the protests, were as in New York it was because of the deaths that the protests took place. Most of the changes in Dublin came well after the protests had ended, unlike in New York where an investigation paired with the protests resulted in the reforming of both men and women’s labour laws.

In a similar sense, the war was a protest for women. Women were given the chance to break out of their designated areas in society and could seek action, adventure and change. They protested by joining the war efforts in all ways by being medical carers, soldiers, spies and cooks. They even educated soldiers. Women were given advanced responsibilities and enjoyed the freedom, and so a movement began.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Importance of Photography

A lot of awareness was raised about the factory and its owners through newspaper articles and through photography. It is felt that the photographs of the tragedy influenced and anger many people to the point of wanting changed. You can see the powerful image of a man standing near the bodies of some women who jumped out window from 8th floor of the factory in attempts to save themselves.

However, there wasn’t much coverage of the Dublin Lockout as William Martin Murphy, one of the main men in question over the Lockout, owned the Irish Independent, one of the biggest newspapers in Ireland at that time.

Despite the censorship by Murphy, the coverage and photographs distributed of both the Shirtwaist Fire and The Lockout helped to document two very important and influential resistances.

Similarly, the photography of the women dressed as men during the Civil War shows the beginning of a powerful resistance by women. The fact the before the war they hid that they were women but were then openly being photographed in their uniforms shows a significant change in only a few years. The portrait of Frances Clayton demonstrates this.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
from "New York: A Documentary Film" (PBS, 1999)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A brief audio-visual history of the 1913 Dublin Lockout

# data[].attributes.body
After our group discussion on Tuesday morning 28/03/2017 we have all decided to change approach in which we will work on these topics and to add a new topic
(Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - Suggested by Val) . We decided to use this as it has a similar dispute as the Dublin Lock out and in similar times but set in New York. In a region populated by Jewish people. We will be easily able to compare these two topics because they are different from a visual , cultural and social point of view.

# data[].attributes.body
Was it an image of resistance at the time or only in recent years?

# data[].attributes.body
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. vs 1913 Lockout.

James Barry And Women as soldiers in the American Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire

# data[].attributes.body
Before talking about this subject, I will have to do more research and get a better understanding of the subject. I want to show how these men's gender image and values are affected by the fact that they are black. During that period, a white man will be seen completely different than a black man, even if they're gender in relation to sex is the same, in relation to their image and culture background it is completely different.

# data[].attributes.body
MMcC: The examples below, how are they Representations of Resistance ? Explain

# data[].attributes.body
I will post some portraits and daguerreotype's of black men during the civil war. The way they are seen by society coincides with the time in which photography appeared, and this caused even more conflicts and outrage through the white community.  You could consider the picture below as a representation of resistance. According to law, black men were finally free and had a lot more rights, the way they were seen by society changed but was not accepted by many people. In the same way, when white people would see this portrait below, they would not accept the way this person is represented. It's almost like the portrayed person is fighting a stereotype, resisting to it

Black soldier in Union Army Sergeant uniform 1864 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/bf/9a/1a/bf9a1a697e15eb9712d90f7768dd2bff.jpg

Portrait of Black Union Soldier 1864 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/fa/37/fc/fa37fcc7279a7e047ae2bdfb9de14f93.jpg

African American soldier in Union uniform. Between 1863 and 1865 - http://ushistoryscene.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/black-union-soldier.jpg

Iulian Robert Balanuta  28/03/2017

# data[].attributes.body
Alice Jordan

# data[].attributes.body
History Ireland

Military Archives -

1913 images

# data[].attributes.body
- Clara Barton
Teacher
First female clerk at U.S. Patent Office
Nurse
Humanitarian
Founder of the American Red Cross
Founder of the National First Aid Association of America

- Mary Todd Lincoln
focused on emancipation and her strong hatred of slavery

- Susan B. Anthony
Teacher
Staunch advocate of women’s rights, workers rights, and equality
Pioneer in the women’s suffrage movement
Co-founder of the Women’s State Temperance Society
Co-founder of the Woman’s National Loyal League Co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association Publisher of women’s rights newspaper The Revolution

- Harriet Tubman
She would don disguises and lead local blacks in dangerous missions behind enemy lines to gather information on rebel troop location, movements and strength.
She accompanied, and by some accounts led, troops under Colonel James Montgomery in raids into enemy territory which destroyed thousands of dollars worth of Southern property and liberated hundreds of blacks from plantations.

# data[].attributes.body
Cause of the Lock Out.
Dublin lacked enough worked for its crowded population. Regular work was scarce and rarely paid well

ICA- as a result of military involvement in supporting the police during the strikes, the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) established the Irish Citizen Army (ICA).  - History Ireland

Founded as workers’ Defence corps during the Dublin Lock-Out by James Larkin and James Connolly on 23 November 1913

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Freedmen/Intros/questions.html

http://www.historynet.com/african-americans-in-the-civil-war

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war

# data[].attributes.body
On 1st January 1863, the Civil War was dragging into it's third year, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emanicipation Prolocamation and declared all black residents of the Confederate States to be free. Because of this, African-Americans were able to join the military.

Iulian Robert Balanuta  28/03/2017

# data[].attributes.headline
Racial Stereotypes of the American Civil War

# data[].attributes.subject
Racial Stereotypes of the American Civil War

# data[].attributes.body
When researching about men during the Civil War, I noticed that the biggest topic is the debate about what to do with African Americans. In many States, they were still considered slaves and did not have any rights. The biggest question faced by white people were:

Could they learn?

Would they work?

Could they be civilized?

Because of this new way black people were being seen, people created racial stereotypes, you could also call them gender stereotypes. The way African-American people were seen changed from the point of view as them being seen as men, and as colored people.
Before that, they were seen by white people as children, they were not considered to be capable of learning, being civilized or following orders.

Even this photograph below shows an image and an idea which people were not used to, it was not accepted by white people and it could create a lot of conflict.

Iulian Robert Balanuta  28/03/2017

# data[].attributes.body
- Women weren’t perceived as equals by any stretch of the imagination.
- They established women as nurses.
- Women weren’t allowed to serve in combat.
- Sarah Edmonds/Frank Thompson

# data[].attributes.headline
Woman from Louth fights in US Civil War - Maeve

# data[].attributes.subject
Woman from Louth fights in US Civil War - Maeve

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/the-remarkable-tale-of-a-louth-women-who-fought-in-the-american-civil-war

# data[].attributes.body
https://civilwarphotography.org/ccwp/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-fought-in-the-civil-war-1402680/

http://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289364&p=1929646

# data[].attributes.body
Alice Jordan- 1913 Dublin Lock Out
Iulian Robert Balanuta- Representations of men in the American Civil War
Maeve - Representation of women in the American Civil War.

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Role in the American Civil War Image 3 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Role in the American Civil War Image 3 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.body
Dr Mary Edwards Walker, Civil War Surgeon, POW and Medal of Honour Recipient

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Role in the American Civil War Image 2 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Role in the American Civil War Image 2 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.body
(University of Georgia)

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Role in the American Civil War Image 1 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Role in the American Civil War Image 1 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.body
(Ancestralfindings.com)

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Role in the American Civil War P2 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Role in the American Civil War P2 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.body
Jobs women undertook:
-Nurses/Surgeons
-Spies (Rose O'Neal Greenhow Papers, 1861-1864 Letters from Greenhow, a Confederate spy)
-Soldiers
-Relief Workers

Southern black women operating as spies, scouts, couriers and guides were willing and able to offer enormous support to Union military personnel and operations.

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Role in the American Civil War P1 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Role in the American Civil War P1 - Maeve

# data[].attributes.body
- There were over 400 documented cases of women who fought in the civil war disguised as men.
-  Fought against gender barriers and did so by trading their dresses for guns and uniforms.
- Women became more vocal about their opinions as when the men went to fight, they were left to take over their responsibilities - including fighting.
- Women were also improving their educational standard
- They fought to earn money as well as other political reasons.

Miss F. L. Clayton

# data[].attributes.body
Irish Women Workers Union

# data[].attributes.body
Image 1 - Densely populated immigrant area. NY 1903.
Image 2 - Working class women at a Indianapolis cotton mill worker factory. Women were affected by social and gender conflicts during this period. Check NAACP and relation to this.
Image 3 - The South and West of America remained mostly rural area, mostly focused on agriculture. It also was the area with the largest employer of women. Half of all workers were African-American women. Workers were exploited because they were expendable.
During the period 1880-1930, the USA had a dramatic increase in industrialization, urbanization and the amount of immigrants that came to America. Because of this surplus of workers, men and women were working long hours for very little pay, mostly in factories and mills.

Iulian Robert Balanuta - 21/3/2017

# data[].attributes.body
female photographers

male Photographers

photographs of resistance or discourse (men and women)
-Alice Jordan

# data[].attributes.body
Gender, Feminism and Fiction in Germany 1840-1914

The condition of women in America

Garment workers, mostly women, story and resistance

Iulian Robert Balanuta - 21/03/2017

(not sure if this is relivant to our current topics but saving it in case we decided it will be useful later -Alice)

# data[].attributes.body
We looked at the three evident themes we were to study. From there we looked for a basic definition  of each subject to insure we had a basic understanding as to what each topic was about. the definitions can be viewed below. Once we were sure of what we were looking for we began to look at what events happened during 'The Long Century' (1840 - 1914) that had an effect on or was influenced by these themes  -Alice Jordan 21/03/2017

# data[].attributes.body
Photography is the science, art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film

# data[].attributes.body
the act or power of resisting, opposing, or withstanding.

the opposition offered by one thing, force, etc., to another.

MMcC says : a question that was asked last week was what does this mean IN THE CONTEXT of the brief ? So whilst we might recognise somewhat what it means in general i.e. all contexts (if that were possible), what does it mean in THIS context ?

# data[].attributes.body
the state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Agree on who is doing presentation. ✔
2. Discuss topic ✔
3. Agree on Plan. ✔,

-Alice 21/03/2017

# data[].attributes.body
There is no team leader. We will work and make decisions based on group consensus.
All team members will do research on the topic. We think this is useful because it can cover lot of different subjects and it is important to get everyone else's point of view and different opinion.

Robert will have the task of making and updating a time management plan. Also plan weekly meetings

Alice made a plan for our presentation and discussed it with Robert in same day. Also will post updates and progress of our work on Padlet.

Iulian Robert Balanuta 21/3/2017

# data[].attributes.body
In first class, me and Alice discussed about our initial plan and what approach we would take. One important thing to keep in mind is not to make the same mistakes as in first semester. It is a good idea to review our last presentation because it gives us a start ahead since we already know where to begin. The biggest mistake we all did last semester was not setting goals and not having a time management scheme. For this group work, I will make a timescale and make a list with what has to be done by the end of each week, also what goals we have to achieve and make sure we have weekly group meetings.

Iulian Robert Balanuta  21/03/2017

MMcC asks: Should you separate this from the academic content or leave it here ? Is there a way of doing this ?

# data[].attributes.body
1. Meet with team and discuss plan. ✔
2. Review our reflections of last presentations. ✔
3. Research topics, everyone does some research and post findings to Padlet. (currently doing this) ✔
4. Compare finding, get rid  of copies. ✔
5. Split findings equally between team mates.
6. Summarise out findings (First Draft)
7.  Read each others drafts and get an understanding of the topics.
8. One person types up work with help of another, then review as a group and proof read for spelling or grammatical errors.
9. Two people right up script for presentation with overseeing of the third person.
-Alice Jordan 21/03/2017