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Pidgin

-is nobody’s native language

-a term for a contact language that draws on elements from two or more languages

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Ben Rompton (2010) - Creole was seen as cool and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority.

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https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/caribbean/ - general summary and table of examples with explanations.

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E.g. Jamaican basilect

mi guo             I go  mi de guo             I am going
mi bin guo                 I went

mi bin de guo          I was going

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Verbs are left unmarked for tense in carribean Creole such as "I work _ on that job for a few months." Nouns are also left unmarked for plurality such as "my relative_, they were in this business." 

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Verbs are left unmarked for tense in carribean Creole such as "I work _ on that job for a few months." Nouns are also left unmarked for plurality such as "my relative_, they were in this business." 

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The carribean English usually ommits a indefinite article such as "in_ couple of days..."

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The carribean English usually ommits a indefinite article such as "in_ couple of days..."

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FACE: a similar vowel sound produced by northern speakers such as Scotland, Wales and northeast England. 

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FACE: a similar vowel sound produced by northern speakers such as Scotland, Wales and northeast England. 

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Since most creole languages developed in the colonies they are typically based on English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish, the languages of the superpowers of the time. However, there are also numerous creoles based on other languages such as Arabic, Hindi, and Malay.

Over time, creoles develop expanded vocabularies and more complex grammatical features that were not present in the pidgins from which they evolved. Most creole speakers control a number of levels and can shift up and down. At the highest level, creoles can merge with the standard variety of the language on which they were based. For instance, there is indication that Jamaican Creole has merged with Standard Jamaican English, and that Hawai’ian Creole at its highest level has merged with Hawai’ian English.

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http://aboutworldlanguages.com/creole-languages

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Jamaican Creole, or Jamaican Patois, is the most commonly spoken dialect in Jamaica, however Standard English is used by officials and governing bodies - this suggests that the use of different Englishes creates a social class divide

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Creole grammars are generally simpler than the grammars of the languages on which they were originally based.

absence of number and gender

complex systems of personal pronouns

absence of copula, for example in Hawai’ian Creole, mai sista skini )my sister is skinny).  yu da boss (you are the boss)

loss of determiners or use of demonstrative pronouns, adjectives or adverbs in place of determiners;

placement of a negative particle before the verb;

use of adverbs or verbs such as stay to express tense. for example  in Hawai’ian Creole, Da cat ste eating da fish ‘The cat is eating the fish’;

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Carribean Creole has a distinct lack of "to be" verbs in statements. E.g "she dreaming" instead of "she's dreaming". "Pickney" means young child. This originates from the Portuguese "pequeño" meaning child. Consonant cluster reduction: complex strings of consonants are simplified by reducing the final sound in the word such as "best" to "bes" and "land" with "lan"

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Pidgin language is a language that draws from elements of two or more languages, it is nobody's native language. It is formed when two or more speech communities have a common interest but no common language 

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Pidgin language is a language that draws from elements of two or more languages, it is nobody's native language. It is formed when two or more speech communities have a common interest but no common language 