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1. poor mechanism and infrastructure for sharing and exchanging agriculture knowledge generated from research 
2. inefficient mechanisms and infrastructure for transferring knowledge to growers directly or through intermediaries (extension subsystem)
3. keeping the indigenous knowledge as a heritage for new generation but rarely documented. 

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Knowledge Management Introduction to Malaysia

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Knowledge Management Introduction to Malaysia

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Malaysian government announced visionary approach towards creating an innovative and productivity led a work force in the 10th Malaysian Plan, causing need for analyzing the various characteristics of knowledge-centric organizational spinoff as decision-centric organization has become inevitable.

KM established  in Malaysia around 1990s by 4th Malaysian Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad in achieving Malaysian Vision 2020.
When large company such as Microsoft and Hawlett-Packard brought their KM practice, processes and application to the country.

KNOWLEDGE 4 ENABLERS, 4 ACTIONS &  2 OUTCOMES
The knowledge enablers:

1.       Human capabilities

2.       Knowledge leadership

3.       Technology

4.       Knowledge Environment

The Knowledge Actions:

1.       Knowledge Generation

2.       Knowledge Acquisition

3.       Knowledge Sharing

4.       Knowledge utilisation

The knowledge outcome:

1.       Innovation: Any application of knowledge and creativity towards the development of new products, processes, services and organizations outcome

2.       Economic performance: Measure of knowledge driven outcomessuch as increased sales profit, gain in market share, improved value-added, or change in value wage levels.

KM create the interaction between technologies, technique and people.

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(Wan Nor Fatin Filzah Binti W. Shapie)
1) Document storage
2) Publishing Knowhow
3) People Discovery
4) Messaging and Discussions

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(Wan Nor Fatin Filzah Binti W. Shapie)
1) People
- Knowledge managers
- Communities of Practice
- Training and
communications
2) Process
- Knowledge capture and
reuse
- Best practice selection
and replication
- Management of change
3) Technology
- user interface
- Team collaboration
spaces
- Community portals

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(Wan Nor Fatin Filzah binti W. Shapie)

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NADIA SOLEHAH BINTI SOBRI, F14A0165, SBP3

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(Wan Nor Fatin Filzah Binti W. Shapie)
1. Enabling better and faster desicion making
2. Making it easy to find relevant information and resources
3. Reusing ideas, documents, and expertise
4. Avoiding redundant effort
5. Avoiding making the same mistakes twice
6. Taking advantages of existing expertise and experiance
7. Communicating important information widely and quickly
8. Promoting standard, repeatable processes and procedures
9. Providing methods, tools, techniques, and examples
10. Making scarce expertise widely available

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Knowledge Management Development in MARDI

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Knowledge Management Development in MARDI

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NADIA SOLEHAH BINTI SOBRI, F14A0165, SBP3

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NADIA SOLEHAH BINTI SOBRI, F14A0165, SBP3

The strategy:

- To manage as much as possible the explicit and implicit knowledge.

Encouragement to staffs of MARDI to write in various publication (knowledge base):

1.Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Science (JTAFS)

2. Economic and Technology Management Review (ETMR)

3. Crops Technology Bulletin

4. Food Technology Bulletin

5. Poultry Technology Bulletin, technology manual, books and monographs

MARDI mission:

To create, innovate, transfer and apply knowledge, competencies and services to transform the national food, agriculture and bio-based industries towards increased commercialisation and competitiveness.

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(Wan Nor Fatin Filzah Binti W. Shapie)
- Knowledge management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge.
- Knowledge management is the systematic management of an organization's knowledge assets for the purpose of creating value and meeting tactical & strategic requirements; it consists of the initiatives, processes, strategies, and systems that sustain and enhance the storage, assessment, sharing, refinement, and creation of knowledge

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NADIA SOLEHAH BINTI SOBRI, F14A0165, SBP3:

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NADIA SOLEHAH BINTI SOBRI, F14A0165, SBP3:

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The meaning of Knowledge Management is a systematic approach to acquiring, analysing,  storing, and disseminating information related to  products,  manufacturing processes and components.Knowledge Management (KM) is a set of enabling capabilities and associated behaviors; that supports how knowledge is acquired, analyzed, stored, disseminated and applied; so that knowledge will flow, grow and evolve over time.

Status quo:
Currently the most common form of knowledge exchange in agriculture is knowledge bases and knowledge management tools for document creation and sharing, support/expert systems and information systems.

Issue:
Challenge regarding the agricultural knowledge is that it is scattered and is not systematically organised in a knowledge database or an ontology/sematic related system -- slows the process of knowledge acquisition by growers and managers that often need direct answers to direct questions.

Importance:
These knowledge bases or knowledge management tools have an important role in knowledge exchange globally.

Their output and form of the knowledge exchange however, rely solely on document preparation and sharing.
Sustainable agriculture will be achieved and promote rural development.
Develop and improve the agricultural and rural sectors need to learn systematically and collectively for various stakeholder which are the rural poor people and organizations to deliver high quality services and to find new ways to overcome poverty and influence policies

Reference to the term of knowledge base specifically in agriculture:

- document repository system or centre for reports

- scientific papers white papers

- a forum or a social networking system for knowledge dissemination

- publication through print, world wide web,books and etc.

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(mardhiahtul maryam bt abd aziz)

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(mardhiahtul maryam bt abd aziz)
Explicit knowledge: that type of knowledge which has been or can be articulated, codified and stored in certain media. Ability to disseminate,  to reproduce,  to access and to reapply throughout the organization.
tacit knowledge: that type of knowledge which people carry in their mind and is therefore difficult to access. Ability to adapt, to deal with new exceptional situations.

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(mardhiahtul maryam bt abd aziz)
ICT is needed to manage the knowledge properly. There are many information technologies that can be used to knowledge manangement for example storing and retrieving images,  videotapes and audiotapes related to different agricultural activities are necessary. Geographic information systems are needed to store database about natural resources with a graphical user interface that enables users to access these data easily using geographical maps.

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(mardhiahtul maryam bt abd aziz)
-Knowledge management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination and utilization of knowledge.
-knowledge management is an effort to increase useful knowledge within the organisation. Ways to do this include encouraging communication, offering opportunities to learn and promoting the sharing of appropriate knowledge artifacts.

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3 major elements of knowledge management strategy

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3 major elements of knowledge management strategy

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(mardhiahtul maryam bt abd aziz)
1)PEOPLE
- this includes not only individual behaviours,  such as willingness to share knowledge,  but also the organisational culture.
2)PROCESSES
- within the organisation for the creation, sharing of knowledge and the infrastructure to support these activities, covering issues which are the balance between collaboration and competition among the various sections.
3)TECHNOLOGY
- can operate for two levels

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(NANTHINI
1 . Agriculture
ICT in the form of  Knowledge management can play a pivotal role in enhancing agricultural productivity by enabling appropriate knowledge and information to reach knowledge intermediaries and farmers in a timely manner. Agricultural Knowledge Management strategies are built on huge agricultural content (Data- information-Knowledge).

e-Sagu
IT-based personalized agro advisory system. In this system, the agricultural experts generate the advice by using the latest information about the crop situation received in the form of both photographs and text.

aAQUA

It provides easy and fast retrieval of contextual information, documents and images using various keyword search strategies with the help of query expansion and indexing techniques.

Agro-Sense
The sensor data from this unit is periodically transmitted wirelessly to a remote monitoring station for providing advisory service to the farmers for better crop management.

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(NANTHINI CHANDRASEKARAN, F14A0169, BP 3)

1. People
Refers to cultural and behavioral approach.

2. Process
a. Socialization
b.  Externalization
c. Internalization
d. Combination

3. Technology
Through network system.
Knowledge through people by communication and source of information.

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(NANTHINI CHANDRASEKARAN, F14A0169, BP 3)
1. ICT
Due to the advancement in technologies, high-speed reliable computers are available with huge storage capacities at an affordable cost.  ICTs has enabled the maintenance of huge and variety of information (text, image, voice and video) repositories with negligible downtime that can be quickly extracted by millions of users concurrently.

2. Communication
2 types of knowledge which is explicit and tacit. Explicit refers to the information that has been written down or codified. Tacit refers to the information that is stored in a person's mind through education.

3. R&D project
Continuous research provides new founds and ideas of solving new problems that arise in agriculture. the founds are enables development for future progress.

4. Human skills
skills supports the knowledge management to in field works. Practices of skills needed to be continued as a continuous process throughout in agriculture.

5. Knowledge
Through the experiences, field works, comprehensives approach towards the science provides new sources of information.The scope is unlimited that enables providing numerous ideas and solutions for agriculture.

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(NANTHINI CHANDRASEKARAN, F14A0169, SBP 3)

- Process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information in agricultural purposes.

-  Knowledge Management comprises of a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences.

- Knowledge Management efforts typically focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, sharing of lessons learned, integration and continuous improvement of the organization.

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(AMIZA SILMI BINTI ADENAM, F14A0020, SBP3)
ICT
•Due to knowledge in agriculture are transferred without being well documented in books, papers or extension documents.

•Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is a new avenues in knowledge management.

•Play important roles in meeting the prevailing challenges related to sharing, exchanging and disseminating knowledge and technologies for Agriculture Knowledge, Science and Technology (AKST)

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(NANTHINI CHANDRASEKARAN, F14A0169, BP 3)

1.  Help individuals and groups to share valuable organizational insights 2. To reduce redundant work
3.To avoid reinventing the wheel
4.  T reduce training time for new employees
5. To retain intellectual capital as employees turnover in an organization
6.  To adapt to changing environments and markets.

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(AMIZA SILMI BINTI ADENAM, F14A0020, SBP3)
KM process – 4 activities

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(AMIZA SILMI BINTI ADENAM, F14A0020, SBP3)
Component of KM: Its people, processes and technology
•People - sharing what they know
e.g : tacit knowledge, knowledge sharing event, storytelling
•Processes – help people to share effectively what they know
e.g : knowledge map, lesson learned
•Technology – help efficiently share what they know
e.g: sharepoint, IM, podcasts

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(AMIZA SILMI BINTI ADENAM, F14A0020, SBP3)
Types of KM:
•Explicit – knowledge which has been encoded into some media external to a person. (Walczak, 2005)
- refers to all aspects of formal, systematic, recorded, communicated and shared knowledge that is made accessible through a variety of information delivery systems.
•Tacit – knowledge that is stored within an individual and as such is personal and context specific. ( Lin and Tseng, 2005; Srdoc et.al., 2005)
- is highly personal, created by doing, trial, error, reflection and revision.

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(AMIZA SILMI BINTI ADENAM, F14A0020, SBP3)
Introduction:
•Knowledge management can be defined as the fact or condition of knowing something with a considerable degree of familiarity acquired through experience, association or contact.
•The way to do this include encouraging communication, offering opportunities to learn, and promoting the sharing of appropriate knowledge artifacts.
•Knowledge consists of the attitudes, cumulative experiences, and developed skills that enable a person to consistently, systematically and effectively perform a function (William and Michael, 2005).

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-NOR ADILAH BINTI MANSOR
-F14A0189 (SBP3)

2) Monitoring and evaluation

-Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an important component of knowledge management and an effective scaling tool. Monitoring is an ongoing process of tracking and reviewing activities, their results, and the surrounding context.

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-NOR ADILAH BINTI MANSOR
-F14A0189 (SBP3)

1) What is knowledge management?

-Knowledge management factors include monitoring and evaluation, communication, and learning in the face of uncertainty.

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-NOR ADILAH BINTI MANSOR
-F14A0189 (SBP3)

3) Aim of monitoring and evaluation

-The aim is usually to make immediate adjustments to activities if deviations from objectives, targets, or standards are detected. Monitoring also generates information that can be used for in-depth evaluations of projects or programs. Traditional M&E systems have focused primarily on achieving project specific goals. For scaling, such project-focused M&E systems need
to expand beyond the project to measure whether and how the project supports the overall scaling process while keeping the various conditions that may affect scaling in mind. Example of a strong M&E system can be found in the case study, where the Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) developed an M&E system to help scale technologies to cope with drought.

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-NOR ADILAH BINTI MANSOR
-F14A0189 (SBP3)

5) Sharing lessons

-Lessons from M&E systems can be shared informally through strong partnerships and networks between institutions, or formally through knowledge exchange platforms where stakeholders from different scales meet. Formal and
informal lesson-sharing through knowledge exchange platforms allows project managers to apply lessons from one site to another, and vulnerable communities can learn how others are adapting to climate change. Sharing lessons on uncertainties or the scaling process that may or may not work across organizations collectively allows for more effective scaling. It can also attract additional  financial and administrative support from funding agencies and policy makers to support scaling.

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-NOR ADILAH BINTI MANSOR
-F14A0189 (SBP3)

4)  Learning and uncertainty

-Scientists are uncertain about the scale of climate change impacts, as well as how climate uncertainties interact with social, ecological, economic, and political factors at the local scale. Uncertainty surrounding monsoon forecasts is a particular challenge in India. Not having an exact idea of what the future will look like makes it diffcult to plan for scaling of adaptation activities. However, a knowledge management system within projects can help those involved in the scaling process learn and understand uncertainties as the project scales over time. Furthermore, a knowledge management system tied to an M&E system strengthens learning about uncertainty so that uncertainty can be monitored as scaling progresses and addressed whenever possible. Therefore, M&E systems need to go beyond assessing the impact of an activity to supporting learning not only about what has worked and what has not, but also about uncertainty so that it can be addressed during the scaling process. M&E systems need to be designed to support iterative and interactive learning within an organization and with partners who help to scale.

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(NUR IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAK, SBP3)
A successful knowledge management will consider more than just technology. an organisation should consider :-
People- which represent how to increase the ability of an individual to influence others with their knowledge.
Processes- represent how the leader establish the best practices for efficient and accurate identification and management of knowledge.
Culture- it embodies how the organisation establish and cultivate a knowledge-sharing and knowledge-driven culture.

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4) ROLES OF LEADERS IN ENSURING SUCCESS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

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4) ROLES OF LEADERS IN ENSURING SUCCESS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

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(NUR IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAK, SBP3)
It can be done personally but it is specifically for organisational activity in which focusing on what managers or leaders can do to enable the goals to be achieved and managers or leaders can motivate the individuals to participate in achieving them. Leaders that believes in the potential of ideas will commit to scaling up, stick to the agenda and able to convince others to follow the strategy

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3) COMMON ISSUE THAT GET IN WAY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SUCCESS

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3) COMMON ISSUE THAT GET IN WAY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SUCCESS

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(NUR IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAK, SBP3)
1) Poorly defined goals and objectives of the organisation, poor communication and lack of participation from all stakeholders in which becoming the biggest problem within the organisation.
2) Poorly designed user interfaces and other missing features that empower users to find what they need.
3) Lack of change in management initiatives that would help to develop, promote and sustain a knowledge-driven culture.

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FLOW OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION FROM CREATION TO END USE

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FLOW OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION FROM CREATION TO END USE

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(FARZANA ZAITON BT MOHD BASHIR, SBP3)

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2) WHY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT

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2) WHY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT

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(NUR IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAK, SBP3)
It is important as it leverages and improve the organisation's knowledge assets to effectuate better knowledge practices, improved organisational behaviors, better decisions and improve organisational performance.

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1) WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN AGRO TECHNOLOGY UP-SCALING PROCESSS

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1) WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN AGRO TECHNOLOGY UP-SCALING PROCESSS

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(NUR IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAK, SBP3)
knowledge management is a systematic approach in acquiring, analyzing, storing and disseminating information in which related to products, manufacturing processes and also the components from the processes.
The sources of the knowledge are not limited to prior knowledge, manufacturing experience, innovation, continual improvement and the changes from management activities.

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Definition of knowledge management (KM):

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Definition of knowledge management (KM):

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(FARZANA ZAITON BT MOHD BASHIR, SBP 3)
KM defined as systemic disciplines of policies, process and activities which empower organization to apply knowledge to improve effectiveness, innovation and quality. KM fosters better knowledge and experience sharing so that organizations can alleviate their collective knowledge. basically, KM focuses on identify, capture, share, create and use of knowledge.
Two types of KM:
1. Top-down and technological perspective
2. Knowledge created collectively in group through mechanisms of networking and communication

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How to gain access to information and knowledge for small farmers perspective?

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How to gain access to information and knowledge for small farmers perspective?

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(FARZANA ZAITON BT MOHD BASHIR, SBP3)

1. need local supports groups will act as brokers or extension workers between available system and individual needs of farming households
2. the success depends on the implementations by the farmers when there is effective communication between agricultural expert and farmers.

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Challenges for sharing, exchanging and disseminating knowledge and technologies  

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Challenges for sharing, exchanging and disseminating knowledge and technologies  

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(FARZANA ZAITON BT MOHD BASHIR, SBP3)
1. poor mechanism and infrastructure for sharing and exchanging agriculture knowledge generated from research
2. inefficient mechanisms and infrastructure for transferring knowledge to growers directly or through intermediaries (extension subsystem)
3. keeping the indigenous knowledge as a heritage for new generation but rarely documented.

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(FARZANA ZAITON BT MOHD BASHIR, SBP3)
Knowledge management is basically knowledge sharing, exchanging and dissemination for the purpose of transforming information & knowledge into enduring value. Improving the access to agricultural knowledge has become vital since its acts as an engine of current economic development of country.
Non physical resources:
- information
- experience
- knowledge
- institutions
Physical resources
- land & labour
Therefore, proper structuring & organization of organizational knowledge is key to knowledge management.

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(NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI ZARUL FUAD, SBP3)

Knowledge management comprises of a range of strategies and practices used in organization to identify, create, represent, distribute and enable adoption of insight and experiences

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(NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI ZARUL FUAD, SBP3)

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ICT ROLE IN AGRICULTURE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

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ICT ROLE IN AGRICULTURE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

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(NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI ZARUL FUAD, SBP3)

To manage the knowledge management properly, therefore ICT are needed. There are many information technologies that can be used for knowledge management. One of the example are the  developing an information system using national agriculture research information system (NARIS) of indigenous agricultural practices can enable researchers to examine this knowledge and decide on its usefulness for sustainable development

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(NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI ZARUL FUAD, SBP3)

•TECHNOLOGY
•PEOPLE
•ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES

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(NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI ZARUL FUAD, SBP3)

The step involves in knowledge management are

1. distinction among data

2. information

3. knowledge

Knowledge necessarily implies a process of assimilation and transformation by the human mind. For the data, it should be contain information and for the data to become knowledge, it must be appropriate and confronted by reality.

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(NORKHAIRUNNISA BINTI ZARUL FUAD, SBP3)

The application of knowledge management are include the use of agricultural sensors. once the knowledge is produce through a continuous scientific research, the application of knowledge can be supported using modern technologies such as the use of sensors. The uses of sensors are enables to detect the humidity of the, temperature density and all factors that affecting the agricultural production