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There are two categories of relative pronouns!

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When the relative pronoun is the subject of the defining relative clause, it CANNOT be omitted.

The customer who called me was angry.

The customer called me was angry.

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When the relative pronoun is the object of the defining relative clause, it can be omitted.

I am eating the cake that she made.

I am eating the cake she made

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The relative pronoun of a non-defining relative clause can NEVER be omitted.

She gave me a cake, which I ate immediately.

She gave me a cake, I ate immediately.

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The relative pronoun that cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses !!

Mary, who works with me, has invited me to her birthday party.

Mary, that works with me, has invited me to her  birthday party.

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                                      2.   Defining relative clauses

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                                      2.   Defining relative clauses

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Defining relative clauses identify a noun more clearly in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.

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                                               1.  Non-defining relative clauses

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                                               1.  Non-defining relative clauses

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A non-defining relative clause adds extra information about a noun. It is separated by the rest of the sentence by commas and it can be left out of the sentence without affecting the meaning.

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We also use the relative adverbs when, where and why to join sentences or clauses.
We use where to refer to places.
We use when with time.
We use why to explain cause and effect.

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I bought a salad. It was wilted. =  The salad which/that I bought was wilted.

I saw a man. He smiled. = The man who/that I saw smiled.

I work in a coffee shop. It is near my house. = coffee shop where I work is near my house.

Ι got to school. It was raining. = It was raining when I got to school.

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                    THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS

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                    THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS

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The relative pronouns of English are who, whom, whose, that and which to join sentences and clauses.

We use who, whom, whose and that to refer to people.

We use which, whose and that to refer to animals and things.