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1. Where was the 1st Gothic cathedral in Spain built
2. What was but on the exterior of gothic cathedrals?
3.What is the Mount. Everest of Cathedrals?

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1. Who asked the Pope for help defending their land from Muslim Turks?
2. What was the reward for  becoming a crusader?
3. What were the 4 new states in the northeast?

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1. What marked Europe's entry into the Middle Ages?
2. What religion did Europe embraces in the Middle Ages?
3. What beliefs did Medieval artwork enforce?

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Some men and women fully devoted their lives to God and the church

Monks= men who joined monasteries

Monasteries= communities devoted to prayer and service

Men became monks for different reasons

Saint Benedict= founder of monastic life

Snt. Benedict’s followers followed a code and his 3 solemn vows- poverty, chastity, and obedience

Monks spends lives praying, studying, and working

Monasteries= laid out around cloister

In monasteries north= church, south= kitchen and dining hall, and 3rd side= dormitories

4th side= scriptorium- library & writing room

Most of what we know today about medieval and ancient Europe comes from the help of monks

Female monks= nuns

Lived in nunneries

Nuns= important reforms and thinkers

Monks and nuns joined religious orders

Each order had their own set of rules and forms of service

Saint Francis wanted to live a religious life without the seclusion of monastic orders

Francis founded the Franciscans or Little Brothers of the poor

Franciscan friars lived among the people in poverty- begged for food for themselves and the poor

Poor Clares= female version of Little Brothers of the poor

Francis loved nature and believed it should be treated w/respect

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Most celebrations= connected to the Church

Almost every day= dedicated to a christian saint or event in life of Jesus

Greatest Medieval holidays= Christmas & Easter

Christmas lasted 12 days- on last day attended Church and feasted

Easter= celebration of the resurrection of Christ

Easter= spent in church, feasting, and playing games

Music, drinking & food=part of medieval holidays

Holiday entertainment= bonfires, acrobats, jugglers, plays, etc.

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Schooling to place in cathedrals, convents, and monasteries

Improved the writing system- added lowercase letters

Most students= sons of nobles looking into joining the clergy

Universities were made in the 1200s

Studied grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music

Church believed on faith and ancient books taught logic

Church feared that if people read these books they would question the church

Thomas Aquinas believed in faith a reason

Aquinas wrote logical arguments to show how faith and reason worked together- ex: natural law

Aquinas brought ancient philosophy and Christian geology together

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Art= made for religious purposes- told the story of Christ’s life

Greatest architecture= cathedrals

Cathedrals built in 1150-1400= Gothic cathedrals

Gothic cathedrals looked like they were rising to heaven

Gargoyles were on gothic cathedrals

Gargoyles reminded people of what life would be like if you didn't obey the church

Inside of gothic cathedrals= filled w/lined pillars decorated w/ religious images

Stain glassed windows also filled the Church

Cathedrals= visible expression of Christian devotion-took 50-100 years to build

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People performed religiose act of devotion-pilgrimages

Pilgrimage= traveling to holy cite ex: Jerraslum

Pilgrimages can cure illness and get rid of sins

Very dangerous journey

Gregory Chuffor wrote a popular book on pilgrims

2nd extraordinary service= joining a crusade

Crusade= military expeditions to the Holy Land

Went on crusade for wealth, adventure, and salvation

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Sacraments and Salvation in the Middle Ages

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Sacraments and Salvation in the Middle Ages

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Believed in God and afterlife-Heaven or Hell

Heaven= eternal life & happiness

Hell= terrifying place w/demons & fire

Receiving 7 sacraments= guaranteed salvation

Sacraments= sacred rights that Christians believed brought them grace

Bathtism= the entry into the Church

Confirmation=declaration of belief in God and the Church

Eucharist= eating consecrated bread & wine-the blood and body of Christ

Matrimony= getting married by a priest

Holy Order= when a man becomes a priest

Penance= confession of sins to a priest

Extreme Unction=  blessing a person in danger of death w/holy oil

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Church has great economic power-largest landholder in Europe

Church has great political power

Latin, the language of the Church,= the only common language in Europe

Church’s power brought conflict w/monarchs-ex: Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV

Gregory= elected Pope in 1073-took away the right for kings to choose bishops

Pope Gregory angered Henry-caused a revolt to take down the Pope

Gregory excommunicated Henry

Henry begged forgiveness-Pope Gregory let him back into the Church

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The Organization of the Roman Catholic Church

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The Organization of the Roman Catholic Church

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Created a ranking system for members of the clergy- Pope= top

After Pope are cardinals- high ranking clergymen

After cardinals are archbishops- governed archdiocese

After archbishops= bishops- governed diocese

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Christian religion=most important legacies of ancient Rome

Christians= followers of Christ

Constantine issued decree that allowed Christians to practice freely-313 C.E

Christianity= recognized religion of Rome-295 C.E

All Christians= in Roman Catholic Church

Looked up to the church-provided leadership & monasteries provided hospitality

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Roman Catholic Church-1000-1300 C.E

Center of Medieval life- religious services, community activities, entertainment

Provided  education and helped the poor and sick

Church= daily presence in life- from birth to death

Looked to Church to explain world events-storms, disease, famine

Middle Ages= Age of Faith