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A Spanish priest in the Franciscan order of the Catholic Church, he traveled to Mexico in 1749 and then traveled to present day California in 1769 in order to spread the word of God to the Americas. He established nine missions in this region and devoted his years in evangelical work

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A Spanish explorer who set out in 1542 from the western coast of present day Mexico and navigated towards the North in an Attempt to find the Strait of Anain which was claimed to link the Pacific Ocean to the body of water now known as the Gulf of Mexico. He was the first European to explore many Pacific bays and inlets as well as effectively map them such as the San Diego Bay.

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A 16th century French explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in 1682 and reached the Gulf of Mexico. He named the region "La Louisiane" in honor of French King Louis XVI. He also established Fort St. Louis in Illinois.

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A late 16th and early 17th century Spanish explorer and conquistador, he led an expedition of 400 settlers that crossed the Río Grande at El Paso in 1598 and then divided into various groups in all directions in failed attempts to look for riches. He treated the natives in cruel and unethical ways, eliminated any opposition with force such as executions, and failed to conquer or discover any riches.

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An Italian explorer for France who in 1523 secured two ships for discovering a western maritime route to Asia. He sailed in the ship called "La Dauphine" and explored the eastern coast of North America. During the voyage, he discovered present day New York Harbor and Block Island. He set out on a second expedition in 1527 towards Brazil in which he returned valuable dyewood to France.

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An Italian explorer who gained commission from King Henry VII to make an expedition throughout the northern Atlantic Ocean in 1497 in order to claim land for the English King and to gain valuable items for trade. In 1498 he made a second expedition throughout the northwest Atlantic Ocean, but died in a shipwreck after a fierce storm. His voyages helped be the foundation for later British claims in present day Canada.

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The ninth and last emperor of the Aztec Empire before its collapse, he was a harsh and strict ruler. He welcomed Hernan Cortes to the empire, but was killed by the Spanish in Tenochtitlán in 1521.

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A woman who became Hernán Cortés' exclusive interpreter due to her dominance of the native language of the Aztec Empire and Spanish. She is seen as a traitor to the Aztecs due to records indicating that she informed Cortés of an Aztec military plot to destroy the Spanish army.

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A Spanish Conquistador born in Medellín, Spain, he ignored Diego Velazquez's orders and traveled to Mexico with 500 men and 11 ships in a failed attempt to conquer the Aztec empire. He returned later and successfully managed to defeat Montezuma and cause the collapse of the powerful native Aztec empire in Mesoamerica in 1521

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A Spanish historian and Dominican missionary, he was the first person to persuade the abolition of slavery and expose the cruel and unethical treatment towards the natives by European Settlers.

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A 16th century Spanish conquistador who was a part of the crew during Vasco Nuñez de Balboa's expedition in 1513 in which Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. He traveled to the Inca Empire and took the Inca leader Atahuapla hostage in the city of Cajamarca. Even though a ransom was offered by the Incas for the release of their leader, Pizarro killed Atahuapla in 1533, conquered the Inca Empire, and founded the city of Lima.

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A 16th century explorer who was the governed of an important province in New Spain. He led a Spanish expedition in 1540 along the western coast of present day Mexico after hearing about seven golden cities north of New Spain. Even though the rich cities were not found, one of the expedition members, Lopéz de Cardénas, was the first European to observe the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River.

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A Spanish explorer and conquistador who made a fortune and gained fame for his participation in the conquest of Peru, Panama, and Nicaragua by the Spanish in order to gain access to the rich deposits of gold and abundance of slaves. After the successful conquests, he ventured out on his own journey to modern day U.S. and is credited with being the first European to discover the Mississippi River.

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A Spanish explorer who pursued a rumored fountain of youth located on an island called Bimini in 1508-1509. Even though he did not manage to find the fountain, he led an expedition on the coast of Florida in 1513 and discovered the Gulf Stream which would be effective in helping Spanish ships manuever to Spain.

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A 16th century Portuguese explorer who discovered the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. Although he died during the journey in 1522, his remaining crew discovered a route west of Europe to the Spice Islands.

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Spanish explorer and conquistador during the 16th century, he established the first stable settlement in Darién located in South America and claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish crown. His discovery of the Pacific Ocean encouraged and led to the further Spanish exploration of South America's western coast.

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An Italian with great navigation skills who discovered the New World in 1492 and successfully completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. His trips inspired others such as Hernán Cortés to conquest and find great wealth in the Americas

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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle de Castillo married in 1469 which led to a cooperative rule that united all of Spain's dominions and provinces into a kingdom that would soon become a European power. The Spanish Inquisition was introduced in 1378 and in 1492, they sponsored Cristopher Colombus in his voyages to discover a direct maritime route to Asia from Europe.

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A Portuguese explorer who was commissioned by the king of Portugal to find a maritime route from Europe to the East. He was the first European to discover an effective maritime route from Europe to India.

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A Portuguese nobleman who was the first European navigator to round the southernmost tip of Africa. Although he failed to comply to the king's standards of reaching major Asian trading powers, his exploration of waters previously unknown to Europe, opened the way for an effective maritime route to Asia.

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A Venetian merchant who traveled across Asia for 24 years by using the Silk Road during the height of the Mongol Empire. His exploration , writings and tales about societies in Asia during the late 13th century inspired and amazed Europeans.

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Individuals who spoke the Old Norse language and lived during the 8th and 11th centuries. They were raiders and scavengers with who attacked weak monasteries and areas in costal European countries.

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A Mohawk Indian chief who joined together five tribes in order to form the Iroquois Confederancy which was the most organized, stable union, and effective American Indian Confedernacy during the 17th and 18th century.

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Horticulturalists that developed a social ranking system in which the elite were superior than the commons due to their ideologies and religious beliefs. They built an array of mounds such as in Cahokia for religious and ceremonial purposes.

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People who lived in North America and built vast earthen mound that were used for burial grounds, religious purposes, and ceremonies.

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The last powerful native civilization in mesoamerica that originated in the early 13th century. It developed a highly sophisticated society with a strict caste system and a calendar system based on a solar cycle of 365 days and a ritual cycle of 260 days.