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- Several European companies established joint stock companies to fund explorations to the New World
- First joint stock company to fund an exploration was the Virginia Company in Britain.
- Resembled modern corporation with several investors, limited risk, and potential high reward. Became the model for subsequent English colonizing efforts for the next quarter century.

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An economic policy that allowed the government to control a nation’s wealth through exports at the expense of other countries. It was mainly employed by France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands.

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The first English city in North America. Founded by Walter Raleigh in the modern state of Virginia.

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A religious group who wanted to purify the beliefs of English Catholicism after the Protestant reformation. They particularly wanted to abolish the religious hierarchy so that all Christians were truly equal.

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- Created by Martin Luther due to the belief the Catholic Church had flaws. Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther after he posted his Ninety-Five Thesis which sparked religious change.
- Protestantism branched into many other forms of Christianity over time
- Protestantism was an important factor during British colonization and encouraged many missionaries to travel to the New World to transform natives into Catholics.
- Became the official religion in England for the English Church.

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- Effected English economy and the demand for certain goods that could be obtained through trade and colonization of the New World
- Marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.
- increased supply of consumer goods within England
- Grew trade with native communities

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A colony in which the English monarch grants large swathes of land to an individual to own it as their private property. The main example is Maryland which was given to George Calvert.

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Workers would come over from Europe and act as a slave for a set amount of time and be given land or money as compensation. This was the precursor to slave trade.

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The trans-Atlantic slave trade was a practice where Europeans went to Africa to capture many slaves in exchange for refined goods such  as guns. They would then take the slaves to the colonies to exchange for raw materials which they brought back to Europe.

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- Tobacco was unknown to Europeans up until 1492. North and South Americans had used it for medical and religious purposes. Columbus took some tobacco back to Europe and within a few decades, smoking tobacco became very popular.
- Farming tobacco saved Jamestown. The economy in Jamestown shifted from trading with natives to farming tobacco after the Virginia Company discovered they had the ideal climate to grow tobacco. Europeans began cultivating land to grow tobacco.
- Shift to tobacco based agriculture also changed the life of thousands of African American slaves who would be brought to America.

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The governing document of Plymouth colony written by the male passengers of the Mayflower. It was composed by William Brewster and marked the beginning of government by the consent of the people.

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A colony ruled under a monarch and the laws of England. They were apart of the mercantile system and allowed the British to maintain control. The first one established was the Colony of Virginia.

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Famous English Philosopher that insisted all government rested on the citizens’ natural rights in 1693. His introduction of natural rights laid the groundwork for the European Enlightenment.

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A series of acts and trade regulations that promoted capitalism and forbade slave labor. This made it cheaper to import French colony  molasses than to buy the English colony molasses produced a few miles from town.

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A law that legalized slavery and permitted slaveowners to treat their slaves as chattel. It was passed by the colonial English legislature.

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- William Berkeley was the governor of Virginia as an aristocratic ruler. Inner circle ran the government and took most of the wealth for themselves, differences in wealth created tension.
- Doig Indians raided Thomas Matthew’s plantation after he didn’t pay for a trade. Colonists revolted and accidentally attacked the Susquehanaug tribe not the Doigs. Violence broke out.
- Nathaniel Bacon arrived and formed a militia to attack the Natives, saw them all as enemies. Berkeley and Bacon feuded and eventually Bacon’s militia of free Africans, Slaves, and poor Whites burned down Jamestown so Berkeley got English soldiers to come stop it. Bacon died at 29. Bacon’s militia represented a racially diverse group coming together.
- Rebellion ended in 1676 and most members of the militia either surrendered or were pardoned.

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King Philip’s War (June 1675- August 1676)

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King Philip’s War (June 1675- August 1676)

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- Expansion of European population and the decrease in Native American land led to the war.
- Past relationships of peace were forgotten with new generations of Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians.
- War began when Metacom denied killing John Sassamon and Plymouth authorities hung three of Metacom’s associates. Wampanoag fought furiously. Indians died in large numbers including those who remained neutrals or allies.
- War ended in August 1676 when Metacom and a few dedicated supporters were killed in a swamp.

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- Europeans enslaving African Americans beginning in Caribbean
- African Americans got stuck in a cycle of constant, lifelong slavery. Unable to become freed after a certain amount of time and prospere in life.
- African Americans participated in Transatlantic Slave Trade which grew European economy and trade. Race based, hereditary cycle of slavery. Bad living conditions, whipped, overworked.

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- August 1680, Pueblo Indians of northern New Mexico perform the greatest defeat of a European colony in the history of the Americas.
- Led by Popé
- Nearly all the Spanish who lived on isolated farms and ranchers were killed, survivors fled to Santa Fe. Indians cut the water supply to Santa Fe and destroyed buildings causing Governor Antonio de Otermin to retreat to Mexico with the survivors.
- Revolt caused by encomienda system which gave the natives hard work loads and lack of religious freedom.

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British crown policy that allowed colonies to ignore most British laws —particularly trade laws—as long as they were loyal to England and helped it grow economically. It was initiated by prime minister Robert Walpole.

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A philosophical movement in Europe driven by the belief in the authority and legitimacy of human reason. It pushed ideas like liberty, progress, and separation of church and state. John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are some of the most famous Enlightenment thinkers.

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A series of religious papers that tried to revive religiousness in the colonies. Their main focus was a return to individual piety and religious worship. Some important leaders were Jonathan Edwards, John Wesley, and George Whitefield.

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- John Peter Zenger printed the New York Weekly Journal. Accused of libel in 1734 by William Cosby who was the governor of New York.
- Fought against British government for the charge
- Goes to court for the charge after he wrote about corruption of the government. Jory sided with Zenger, he becomes a symbol for freedom of the press.
- Introduction of freedom of the press and speech to the Americas.

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An uprising of slaves in South Carolina trying to gain freedom in Spanish Florida that began when a slave named Cato led about sixty slaves kill their owners. It was the largest and most significant slave uprising from before the American Revolution and would set the stage for tensions in slave states that would last for the next century.

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The British and French break out in war after years of competition for the Ohio river valley. Many Native tribes ally with both sides in order to try to claim lands from other neighboring tribes.

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Allowed for the legal trade of slaves in Virginia. It also prohibited whites from being employed by African Americans. Also disallowed African Americans to own firearms and allowed fro the arrest of suspected runaways.