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The 1700s was the century of Philosophy, centered in Paris.
This new philosophy consisted of a movement called Enlightenment, which was from 1715 to 1789 when the French Revolution started.
The Enlightenment was a shift in ideas about knowledge, away from traditional sources of authority, and toward the scientific rationality described by Bacon.
This was an Age of Reason

The Enlightenment was also about social values such as individual liberty, progress of civilization, and religious tolerance.

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The philosophers saw it as their job to discover the laws of nature

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The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of kings and churches and helped set the intellectual stage for the soon-to-come revolutions of the USA, France, and Haiti

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The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of kings and churches and helped set the intellectual stage for the soon-to-come revolutions of the USA, France, and Haiti

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The Encyclopédie, edited by Jean d'Alembert and Denis Diderot from 1751 to 1777 is the object that best represents the Enlightenment.
This book attempted to organize all the knowledge available to humanity.

The Encyclopédie demonstrated three ideas.
1) Knowledge is cumulative
2) Knowledge is recordable
3) Knowledge is political

The Encyclopédie systemized knowledge in a neat way, but it was largely qualitative describing things according to values. Enlightenment thinkers increasingly dreamed of quantification describing, like units of length, mass heat, etc. But for quantification to work, it is necessary to have standards, as the meter for example.

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To have standards, measurement required new instruments like the electrometer and barometer, as well as new ways of interpreting data as statistics.

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In the late 1700s, natural philosophers believed that chemical reactions occurred thanks to an ether colorless, odorless, "self repulsive" extremely fine, and therefore had-to-measure fluid called Phlogiston. According to Phlogiston theory this ether was released during combustion.

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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier was the person who changed chemistry from a qualitative discipline to a quantitative one.
Lavoisier is known as the "Founder of the New Chemistry" because he revolutionized the whole discipline.

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Lavoisier knew Phlogiston theory well, but he began his chemical research with the hypothesis that during combustion, something is taken out from the air rather than put into it.
Lavoisier's hypothesis was correct, and that something turned out to be Oxygen.

He also discovered that the mass of matter remains the same even when it changes shape or form, he generated the first modern list of elements, he named oxygen (1778), hydrogen (1783), and silicon (1787).

Lavoisier and his allies developed a new nomenclature for chemistry (1787), the terms in this new nomenclature better described the underlying stuff they were pointing to.
He published the book "Elementary treaties of chemistry" which taught only the New Chemistry. In its introduction he separated heat and chemical composition, he understood that heating something up doesn't always change what it is fundamentally.

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To explain the state changes Lavoisier made up a new ether, which he called "the Caloric".
This ether could penetrate a block of ice, melting it into water by pushing the ice particles apart.

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In the 1780s, many chemists still believed in Phlogiston, simply because it was familiar. What changed their minds was that Lavoisier and his allies published results that favored their system. But more importantly, the students that learned for them could only speak the language of the New Chemistry.
As a result of this, the Phlogiston believers were increasingly isolated.

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Lavoisier was a noble with a powerful state job, he worked at the tax collection agency of the French Kingdom. He profited from his job there to fun his chemical research

Lavoisier was tried for defrauding the people of France, he died by guillotine in 1794

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Madame Lavoisier was born in south-central France in 1858, she contributed significantly to Antoine's work. She translated his texts into English and after Antoine's death, she published his complete papers securing his legacy.

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Dalton observed that the ratio of elements in reactions were often made up of small numbers, meaning that chemical elements are in fact discrete particles, not fluids, calling them chemical atoms true indivisible units.

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He published the analytical theory of heat in 1822 using calculus to describe how heat flows.
And he also discovered the greenhouse effect.

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CrashCourse. (2018, August 20). The New Chemistry: Crash Course History of Science #18 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M694ED8GtI