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smell and taste declines with age as well

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smell and taste declines with age as well

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eat more nasty foods as we get older

smell:
sense of smell peaks in early 30s
women slightly better at sense, especially when pregnant

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to detect location of sound

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outer ear

pinna: funnels sound into auditory canal

inner ear

stirrup: begins the inner ear

cochlea

basilar membrane

semicircular canals

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the senses, their sources, and their receptors

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the senses, their sources, and their receptors

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ESP - perception can occur apart from sensory input

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ESP - perception can occur apart from sensory input

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psychokinesis = ability to move objects with mind
telepathy = mind to mind communication
clairvoyance = perception of remote/distant objects
precognition = That's So Raven, able to see into future

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kinesthesia: sensing one's position and movement of individual body parts

athletes more acute to this / have better sense of this

vestibular sense: semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in ears have fluid in them that moves when your head moves, activating receptor cells, which allows us to maintain our balance

the vestibular sense works with the cerebellum, the motor strip, and the semicircular canals
vestibular sense = faster than sense of vision!

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both taste and smell are chemical senses

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both taste and smell are chemical senses

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molecules of object being SNIFFED go into nose and hit olfactory bulbs

smell = only sense that it's sensory information is processed outside of a lobe first (inside the olfactory bulbs)

olfactory bulbs are like our nose brain

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used for survival, what was good to eat and what wasn't

linked with smell!!!
***SENSORY INTERACTION***

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responsive to these 5 sensations
1. sweet
2. salty
3. bitter
4. sour
5. unami (savory)

our brain "lights up" in different places depending on if we are experiencing different sensations of taste

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phantom limb sensations can occur after amputation; feeling of pain in a limb that is no longer there!

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phantom limb sensations can occur after amputation; feeling of pain in a limb that is no longer there!

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essential to survival
a top-down process

can block pain with distraction (including hypnosis)

placebo effect on pain

gate-control theory

pain = bio-psycho-social concept

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1. pressure
2. warmth
3. cold
4. pain

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through skin receptors to sensory strip in parietal lobe

necessary for mental and physical growth!!

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how/why we hear different pitches? THEORIES

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how/why we hear different pitches? THEORIES

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place theory: more accepted, usually used to explain high pitched sounds, form Helmoltz

frequency theory: aka temporal theory, more far-fetched and less accepted, usually used to explain low pitched sounds

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can get cochlear implant to reverse hearing loss

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can get cochlear implant to reverse hearing loss

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converts sound into electrical signals that stimulate auditory nerve through electrodes

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sensorineural: aka nerve deafness, more common, damage to cochlea's receptor cells or auditory nerves

overexposure to loud noises

illness

conduction: less common, damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

channel switching: deficiency in one sense which heightens your focus on others

lose hearing, see better!?

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1. outer ear = catches sound
2. middle ear = amplifies sound
3. inner ear = transducts sound

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sound waves enters outer ear

waves travel through auditory canal

waves hit and vibrate eardrum

middle ear concentrates vibrations of eardrum onto window of cochlea --> transmits vibrations to cochlea in inner ear

fluids in cochlea vibrate

basilar membrane ripples

hair cells bend

nerve cells triggered

auditory nerve forms

neural message is sent to auditory cortex in temporal lobe via the thalamus

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human factors psychologists study how we perceive helping people in order to design machines, to reduce injury!

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human factors psychologists study how we perceive helping people in order to design machines, to reduce injury!

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we can adapt our perception to a vision that has been inverted

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we can adapt our perception to a vision that has been inverted

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we can adapt to those inverted or shifted goggles - we would still see that specific image but we would accommodate with it and perceive it as normal eventually

**PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION

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there is a critical period when exposure to stimuli is required in infancy and childhood
visual experience matters!

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Kant, "perception is innate!"
Locke, "perception is learned!"

those born blind and can now see could not identify by visual shape of objects, even if they were in contact with them before

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color and brightness constancy
shape and size constancy

relationship between identifying objects based on color, brightness, shape and how DISTANT we perceive them to be

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phi phenomena
stroboscopic movement -- like flip book!

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relative height
relative motion
relative size
interposition
relative clarity
texture gradient
linear perspective
relative brightness / light and shadow

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retinal disparity - like using 2 cameras for 3D movie
convergence: the rate or degree your eyes turn inward to depict distance

cross-eyed = object REALLY CLOSE... duh

image:
focusing on finger = two trees
focusing one tree = two fingers

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from Gibson and Walk, 1960
w/ their creepy and effective visual cliff

creepy af

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figure-ground relationship
grouping:

proximity

continuity

closure

similarity

connectedness

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gestalt = want to perceive things as a whole

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gestalt = want to perceive things as a whole

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all of those optical illusions!!!
including subliminal logos

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parallel processing: take in motion, form, depth, and color through vision and process it all at once

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parallel processing: take in motion, form, depth, and color through vision and process it all at once

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this takes a lot b/c vision is out primary sense [vision capture]
30% of cortex devoted to vision

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hubel and wiesel discovered feature detectors

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hubel and wiesel discovered feature detectors

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feature detectors see shape, angle and movement
(not color though!)
...in order to recognize movement, faces and objects

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Young-Helmoltz Trichromatic theory: retina contains color receptors of red, blue, green --> combine them to see all colors

all colors combo = black

no colors = white

opponent-process theory (Hering); opposing retina processes of red-green, yellow-blue, black-white, enable color vision

explains afterimages

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wavelengths themselves have no color --> it's reflected light

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cones concentrate near center of retina in fovea

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rods; black and white, periphery and dim light

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rods; black and white, periphery and dim light

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light energy enters eye through the retina

light energy encounters rods and cones

a chemical reaction occurs in order to turn light energy into neural signals

bipolar cells are activated

in turn activate neighboring ganglion cells

axons from ganglion cells bind together to form the optic nerve

the information on the optic nerve travels along optic track; to the thalamus then to the occipital lobes to distribute information

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process of lens changing focus to help out the retina = accomodation

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process of lens changing focus to help out the retina = accomodation

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pupil --> iris and lens
lens --> retina

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color spectrum runs from short gamma to long radio waves

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color spectrum runs from short gamma to long radio waves

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seeing color is actually just perceiving electromagnetic energy as color

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seeing color is actually just perceiving electromagnetic energy as color

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color is a concept of the mind

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perceptual set relies on expectations which include CONTEXT EFFECTS

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perceptual set relies on expectations which include CONTEXT EFFECTS

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differs by culture
differs by mood and emotion
differs by motivation

information surrounding presentation

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perceptual set all relies on EXPECTATIONS

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perceptual set all relies on EXPECTATIONS

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it's a top-down process

outside information and directions in our head from previous experience and assumptions influence perception

schemas = those previous experiences/concepts... evil little things
perceptual set unique for each person

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b/c of sensory adaptation, good film creators have the frames change a lot and often so viewers don't become bored

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b/c of sensory adaptation, good film creators have the frames change a lot and often so viewers don't become bored

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sensory adaption can occur for all senses besides vision

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sensory adaption can occur for all senses besides vision

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touch: don't "feel" the watch on your wrist all of the time
smell: your house has no odor but to others it does
hear: the buzzing noise of the air conditioning goes unnoticed
taste: the taste of your mouth doesn't necessarily have a taste....

***doesn't occur for vision b/c eyes always moving

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difference threshold links to Weber's law

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difference threshold links to Weber's law

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just noticeable difference proved by weber's law

for average person to perceive a difference, the two stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage (Weber's law) and this minimum difference is required to detect the just noticeable difference between the two stimuli (diff. threshold)

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absolute threshold - detect stim 50% of time

subliminal = below absolute threshold

prime - predisposition of perception/memory/response

masking stimulus

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1. receive sensory stimulation
2. transform stimuli into neural impulses (transduction)
3. deliver neural information to the brain

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sensation = bottom-up processing                                        perception = top-down processing

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sensation = bottom-up processing                                        perception = top-down processing

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inability to recognize faces v. inability to recognize voices

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https://quizlet.com/_2pmjxr