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greyish discoloration of the liver.  Pinhead and larger nodules. secondary bacterial infections.  fibrosis and thickening of the swim bladder.

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Clinical Signs

The nematodes deprive their host of food and can feed on host tissues, sera and blood causing emaciation and anaemia. Clinical signs of nematode infestation vary and can range from deformed body shape, haemorrhage, mortality, traumatic enteritis, loss of balance through damage to their swim bladder, reduced swimming performance, lethargy, reduced sexual display rate, ulceration of gill cover, fraying of fins, large nodules on the ventral surface of the skin and fish can be seen swimming or floating on their sides. Infected fish can be more susceptible to decreased oxygen content in the water. Pathogen such as Philonema and Philometra can cause atrophy or destruction of gonads, ascites and distension of the abdomen.

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Large fish tend to be more heavily infested by round worms than small fish of the same species. This is because large fish eat more, and therefore ingest greater numbers of parasites, and also because the larval worms, although inactive, can survive for a long time in fish, and therefore their numbers accumulate as the fish grows older.

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Nematodes have been shown in fish stock in Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Russia.

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Freezing at -20°C for 24 hours, heating above 60°C or salting will kill Anisakis larvae. Pseudoterranova larvae can be killed at 30°C for 15 h or at 20°C for 7 days, but dead nematodes can trigger immune reactions in human hosts as they contain immunogenic molecules.

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Freezing at -20°C for 24 hours, heating above 60°C or salting will kill Anisakis larvae. Pseudoterranova larvae can be killed at 30°C for 15 h or at 20°C for 7 days, but dead nematodes can trigger immune reactions in human hosts as they contain immunogenic molecules.

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The nematodes deprive their host of food and can feed on host tissues, sera and blood causing emaciation and anaemia. Clinical signs of nematode infestation vary and can range from deformed body shape, haemorrhage, mortality, traumatic enteritis, loss of balance through damage to their swim bladder, reduced swimming performance, lethargy, reduced sexual display rate, ulceration of gill cover, fraying of fins, large nodules on the ventral surface of the skin and fish can be seen swimming or floating on their sides.

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Nematodes are a species of roundworm, over 20,000 different species have been classified. When they infect. They infect many different species of Aquarium and wild fish. Fish become infected if they are fed live food containing the parasites. They are usually found in the digestive tract, although some can directly transferred from fish to fish. The severity of the disease in the fish will depend on the life stage of the round worm. Prevention is usually the best way to stop ring worm from developing in your fish, preventive medicine can be given to the tank of fish.

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It cause damage to the  GI tract, swim bladder, gonads, internal organs (especially the liver), gills , eye and skin.