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Bridge Reaction Products are 2 NADH and 2 Acetyl COA
Krebs cycle products are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
**After all the processes are finished, you produce 38 ATP but net 36.

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1. Pyruvic acid enters the Mitochondria.
2. The 3-C Pyruvic Acid is converted to 2-C acetate when you remove a C02 from each pyruvic acids.
3. For each Pyruvic acid that is converted to acetate, one molecule of NAD+ is converted to NADH.
4. Coenzyme A attaches to the acetate to form Acetyl C0A. The Acetyl C0A will be used in the Krebs cycle.
*The Bridge reaction is the bridge between Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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*has double membrane*
1. outer membrane
2. Inner membrane
3. Matrix (inside the folds)
4. Cristae (folds;wall)
A. The Matrix is the space inside the inner membrane where the Krebs cycle takes place.
B. The cristae increases the surface area of the reactions.
C. The electron transport chain is in the Cristae of the cell.

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If there is oxygen present, it will move to the mitochondria and undergo aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration includes the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. If there is no oxygen present, it will stay in the cytoplasm and enter the anaerobic pathways of fermentation.
A. Aerobic respiration includes the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain.
1. The oxidation of glucose is completed.
2. The hydrogen that is removed from Pyruvic Acid will go to the NAD+ and form NADH.
3. Most of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is produced by the electron transport chain.

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Inputs for Glycolysis
-glucose
-oxygen
-2 molecules of ATP
The energy of 2 ATP is used to convert glucose into two molecules of PGAL.  The two molecules of PGAL will be oxidized to produce two molecules of Pyruvic Acid (3-carbon). As the PGAL is oxidized , two molecules of NAD+ will be reduced to form  two molecules of NADH. These will be used in the Electron Transport Chain. The oxidation of PGAL  results in the production of 4 ATP.
The Pyruvic Acid may
- enter the mitochondria for Krebs Cycle.
- May remain in the cytoplasm for fermentation.
ATP Production
two molecules of ATP are consumed at the beginning but four of ATP molecules are produced by the end of Glycolysis. You have gained 2 ATP.
NADH Production
During this reaction, 2 electrons are removed from each PGAL. These electrons  are passed to the electron acceptor NAD+.

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1. The four biomolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and Nucleic acids.
2. All 4 groups of biomolecules will contain Carbon. C: Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell H: Hydrogen has 1 electron in its outer shell O: Oxygen N: Nitrogen P: Phosphorus S: Sulfur

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(top of pyramid, down)
1. Tertiary- .1% energy
2. Secondary Consumers-  humans 1% energy.
3. Primary Consumers -10% energy
4. Producers- plants 100% energy.

10% of energy is being passed down each level.
Decomposers- They break down matter from dead organisms and release the nutrients back into the soil.
Autotroph- An organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. They are called producers because they can make their own food. Plants are a good example.
Heterotroph- Cannot produce their own food . It obtains energy and food by taking in other organisms, usually plant or animals. Animals, fungi, and bacteria are good examples.
Herbivore, Omnivore, and Carnivore- Horses, rabbits, and snails are examples of herbivores because they eat grass and leaves. Omnivores eat both plants and meat.

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Cellular Respiration
The oxidation of organic compounds that occurs within cells, producing energy for cellular processes.
The products of Photosynthesis are sugar and oxygen. Most of the steps of cellular respiration takes place in the Mitochondria. Oxygen and glucose are the reactants of cellular respiration, the same of Photosynthesis.
C02 Emissions- There are both natural and human sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Natural sources include decomposition, ocean release and respiration.

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During this reaction, two high energy electrons are removed from each PGAL. These electrons are passed to the electron acceptor NAD+.
NAD+ in respiration is similar to NADP+ in Photosynthesis.
Each NAD+ accepts a pair of electrons to form NADPH.
This NADH holds the electron until they can be transferred to other molecules.

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Even though cellular respiration is an energy releasing process, the cell must invest a small amount of energy to get the reaction going.
Two molecules of ATP are consumed at the beginning but four molecules ATP are produced by the end of Glycolysis.
Glycolysis has a gain of 2 ATP.

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Laws of Matter
- You can not destroy nor make matter. The mass of the system must remain constant over time. The quantity of mass is conserved over time.
Laws of Energy
- The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
Laws of Conservation of Mass Energy
- Energy can not be destroyed nor created. Also the energy is constant or the same as the amount of matter.
Energy is equal to matter that is present.The amount of mass there is, is equal to the amount of energy.

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The process in which one molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two molecules.
Inputs for Glycolysis
-glucose
-oxygen
-ATP 2 molecules
Outputs
-4 molecules of ATP
-2 NADPH
-2 pyruvic acid
Steps of Glycolysis-
1. The energy of 2 ATP is used to convert glucose into two molecules of PGAL.
2. The two molecules of PGAL will be oxidized to produce two molecules of Pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon compound.
3. As the PGAL is oxidized, two molecules of NAD+ will be reduced to form two molecules of NADH. These will be used in the Electron Transport.
4. The oxidation of PGAL also results in the production of 4 ATP.
5. The Pyruvic acid may: enter the mitochondria for Krebs cycle, may remain in the Cytoplasm for fermentation.

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Two types
- Aerobic (requires oxygen)
- Anaerobic (does not require oxygen)
Three Main Stages
- Glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm, but the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain occurs in the Mitochondria.

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1.The inputs are light energy, ADP,  NADP,  H20
The outputs are glucose, ATP, NADPH.
2. Chemical Equation is 6C02+6H20+light energy= C6H1206+602
3. Chloroplasts convert light energy in sugar glucose.
4. Light dependent cycle- The energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of electron carrier molecules like ATP and NADPH.
5. Calvin Cycle- Light energy is initially converted to chemical energy in the form of two compounds; NADPH, and ATP.
6.  Allowing a chlorophyll electron filled with energy to spin so fast that it leaves its natural orbit. Such an excited electron is now picked up by an electron carrier like cytochrome. This excited electron has so much energy that it gives off to ADP to acquire an additional phosphate hence forming ATP.