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the movement that promoted photography as a fine art in general
he Photo-Secession actively promoted its ideas. Stieglitz edited and published the important quarterly Camera Work and opened the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (also known as “291,” the gallery’s address on Fifth Avenue), providing a place for the members to exhibit their work. In 1910 the Photo-Secession sponsored an international show of more than 500 photographs by its members or by photographers whose aims were similar to its own. The show, occupying more than half of the exhibition space at the Albright Art Gallery (now the Albright-Knox Gallery) in Buffalo, New York, was a sensation and significantly advanced the acceptance of photography as an art form.
Edward Steichen

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light, tones, and textures of nature
Trained as a physician, Emerson first began to photograph as a part of an anthropological study of the peasants and fishermen of East Anglia. These photographs, published in such books as Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads (1886) and Pictures of East Anglian Life (1888), are an intimate documentation of rural English life in the late 19th century.
Emerson soon became convinced that photography was a medium of artistic expression superior to all other black-and-white graphic media because it reproduces the light, tones, and textures of nature with unrivaled fidelity. He was repelled by the contemporary fashion for composite photographs, which imitated sentimental genre paintings. In his handbook Naturalistic Photography (1889), he outlined a system of aesthetics. He decreed that a photograph should be direct and simple and show real people in their own environment, not costumed models posed before fake backdrops or other such predetermined formulas.
Peter Henry Emerson

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Recording how the world looks like with a social and or environmental photos
From the 1850s in America, photography was used for war reportage. Notable photographers in this era were Robert Fenton and Matthew B Brady who photographed the American Civil War and the Crimean War respectively.
Robert Capa

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type of photography that captures all types of sports.
he history of sports photography is tightly related to the trends of sport gaining popularity throughout human history. The technology of photography from the early 1800s onward leaped forward in bounds and aided an emerging media, sporting journalism.The inspiration of athletics and sport in art can certainly be seen in the work of the ancient Greek masters of sculpture, however this type of expression was not as prevalent in modern sporting venues until the invention of wet-collodion and dry-plate photographic processes. These processes allowed for posed studio images on glass plates and tin-types, but were just not 'fast' enough for the 'stop-action' images we are used to seeing today.
Bob martin

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photos of wildlife and the animals in their natural places
The July 1906 issue of National Geographic featured its first ever wildlife photographs. Editor Gil Grosvenor printed 74 photos snapped by U.S. Representative and early conservationist George Shiras, beginning a long tradition of featuring wildlife photos in the magazine.
Steve Winter

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encounters and random incidents within public places.
The first photographs ever taken were generally done in the streets. So the start of photography was the start of street photography.

John Free

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Capturing whats happening typical covered as photojournalism.
Shot by some of the world's greatest photographers, documentary photos are typically designed to draw public attention to real-life situations which (in the opinion of the photographer) require urgent remedial action
Mathew Brady

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Is the photographing of buildings and similar structures that are both equally atheistic.
Nothing better suited a long exposure and a limited depth of focus quite so well as the wall of a building. Architecture, especially under an unchanging sky and devoid of passers-by, could sit for its portrait for a very long time. And, cumbersome as the equipment may have been, cameras were vastly more efficient in recording historic and remote sites than the patient pencils of the renderers of historical surveys.
Berenice Abbott  photographed New York City beautifully.

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Usually used to capture the presence of nature.
Artists have been painting the landscape since ancient times. The Greeks and Romans created wall paintings of landscapes and gardenscapes. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the tradition of depicting pure landscapes declined, and the landscape was seen only as a setting for religious and figural scenes. This tradition continued until the 16th century when artists began to view the landscape as a subject in its own right. The artistic shift seems to have corresponded to a growing interest in the natural world sparked by the Renaissance.
Mark Grey captures the beauty of nature in his photos.

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collecting, editing, and presenting news material.
The emergence of photojournalism, along with its current trajectory, depends a great deal upon technological developments in the camera. As early as the Crimean War in the mid-19 th century, photographers were using the novel technology of the box camera to record images of British soldiers in the field. However, the widespread use of cameras as a way of reporting news didn’t come until the advent of smaller, more portable cameras which used the enlargeable film negative to record images. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in the 1930’s made it possible for photographers to move with the action, taking shots of events as they are unfolding.
Margaret Bourke-White is a well known photojournalist and this is one of her he famous photos.

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A photograph of a person or group that captures the personality of a subject using lighting, backdrops, poses.
As long as people have made art there have been portraits. For the first few thousand years at least, portraits, whether drawn, painted or sculpted, were mostly reserved for those deemed important enough to be honored with a work of art bearing their likeness. The wealthy--mostly royalty and nobility-- and important religious and historic figures were the most common subjects.
Steve McCurry picture of an Afghan girl.