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When approaching service users we should always try to consider their whole life span and try to figure out what has caused to the unfortunate situation they are in.  To take consider what have they been going through in their life what has affected to the present situation.

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Risk factors like disorganized families, low birth weight, parental divorce, poverty may affect in undesirable way to the child. 

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Risk factors like disorganized families, low birth weight, parental divorce, poverty may affect in undesirable way to the child. 

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Thus it has become clear that risk factors rarely operate singly but mostly occur in combination

Low socio economic groups are not only characterized by poverty but may also experience inadequate nutrition, lack of pre and postnatal facilities, poor mental and physical health, overcrowding, addictions problems, lack of educational opportunities and other physical and psychosocial factors that are less likely to occur among more advantaged groups.

There is a clear relationship with the risk factors experienced in early childhood and subsequent maladjustment: irrespective of the identity of the risk factors their sheer number can predict the severity of behavior problems in adolescence.

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We were provided with more concepts and theoretical understanding in the link between individuals and groups that help us understand how social identities form.
This way we will have more tools that will help us understand clients when working with them in their circumstances and enviroment.

We will also understand how social groups, race and gender affect individuals. We will be able to understand what kind of support each individual needs in appropriation to their social identity. Trough understanding we will be able to have more sympathy and empathy towards our clients. This knowledge will be especially relevant when working with minority and marginalized people.

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We learned how individuals and groups interplay with each other. The learning material also gave us valuable information about how social identity forms.

We gained knowledge about social theory and its brief history. The text gave us understanding about the reasons behind identity crisis, why and when it occurs.

We also learned that some social groups are chosen voluntarily such as sports groups, and others are involuntary such as gender and racial features.

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The theory about identity will be very useful in our social work field. Through it we are able to increase our knowledge about individuals life span and have deeper understanding about customers situations. What things have affect to another and why the customers are in the situation they are today.

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Social identity theory is about the need for belongingness into a group while simultaneously needing to be a unique individual compared to others.

Social identity theory starts from the individual. Human beings tend to categorize their observations into so called boxes and divide them into same-different phenomena. A sense of individuality commonly derives from the group the individual is born into, and people tend to view the others as lesser.

Because of this social identity is never a permanent state but is in constant change across the life span. Individual identity and group identity affect and change each other.

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Child caretakers and their demands, expectations and attitudes when interacting with the child, affect a lot to the child.

See; Good fit vs. poor fit:

Good fit: Child with poor emotional control is cared for by tolerant parents.

Poor fit; when the same child has parents who are impatient and rigid disciplinants.

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How will we apply this knowledge in practice?

We know that there are differences in rearing children in different societies.

For example, an American mother wants to make her child from dependent to independent. Traditional Japanese mother sees it her task as a mother in opposite way. In Japan child is an independent creature, who mother has to socialize into becoming dependent on other members of the group. It appears in sleeping together for a first few years and high level of indulgence.

Description of the child.

American mother told about  cognitive abilities of a child, she uses words like ‘intelligent’, ‘smart’, ‘imaginative’. She also frequently referenced to their independence and self-reliance (‘confident’, ‘able to play himself’, ‘defiant’).

Kenyan mother paid most attention on the children’s obedience and helpfulness by using words like ‘respectful’, ‘honest’, ‘trustworthy’ and ‘good-hearted’.

This knowledge will help us to be more effective working with people from different societies.

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What does this knowledge mean to us?

It helps to understand the rearing goals in different societies. It encourages us to look from two sides: individualistic and collectivistic societies and take best of them.

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What did we learn?

Individualism is way of life when one is caring only about himself and does not interfere in others peoples life.

Collectivism is about being together, being loyal to your group/city/country and care about its’ grow, not caring about ones’ interests.

In individualism society people are moved by their own desires, needs and rights, it is oriented towards personal goals.  Children in such societies are brought up  to become independent, achievement-oriented.

Collectivistic societies emphasize ones’ connectedness to other members of the group, to subordinate their interests with others peoples’ interests. There are a lot of rules and norms of behavior. Children are raised to cooperate rather than to compete with others.

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Society is forever changing, moving forward. All this can be connected with the individuality.
Today, individuality is cherished. Everyone is seeking to be distinguishable from any other person. Everyone strives to be different, to stand out, to find themselves. No one wants to be a part of the crowd; everyone wants to be their own person.

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Temperament is not meaningful without reference to the particular environment in which individual’s development takes place.

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Successes and failures are closely related to the ways in which people have learned to view themselves and their relationships with others. This theory describes self-concept as learned (i.e., not present at birth); organized (in the way it is applied to the self); and dynamic (i.e., ever-changing, and not fixed at a certain age)

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The self system gives some consistency to personality by allowing people to observe and symbolize their own behaviour and to evaluate it on the basis of anticipated future consequences. The self system includes both self-efficacy and self-regulation.

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Self-concept theory seeks to explain how people perceive and interpret their own existence from clues they receive from external sources, focusing on how these impressions are organized and how they are active throughout life.