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The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I, a leader of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia in 1299. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. It ruled a large portion of the Middle East and Eastern Europe for over 600 years.

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1299 - Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire.
1389 - The Ottomans conquer most of Serbia.
1453 - Mehmed II captures Constantinople putting an end to the Byzantine Empire.
1517 - Ottomans conquer Egypt bringing Egypt into the empire.
1520 - Suleiman the Magnificent becomes ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
1529 - The Siege of Vienna.
1533 - The Ottomans conquer Iraq. 1551 - The Ottomans conquer Libya. 1566 - Suleiman dies.
1569 - Much of Istanbul burns in a great fire.
1683 - The Ottomans are defeated at the Battle of Vienna. This signals the beginning of the decline of the empire.
1699 - The Ottomans give up control of Hungary to Austria.
1718 - Beginning of the Tulip period. 1821 - The Greek War of Independence begins.
1914 - The Ottomans join the side of the Central Powers in World War I. 1923 - The Ottoman Empire is dissolved and the Republic of Turkey becomes a country.

Read more at: https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/ottoman_empire.php

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A map of the territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire from 1307 to 1683.

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-In 1915 the Ottoman government and Kurdish tribes in region started the extermination of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of up to 1.5 million Armenians (Armenian Genocide)
-It was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert.
-Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and systematic massacre.
-Large-scale massacres against the Empire's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing too.

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The Armenian Genocide was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of its Armenian subjects. An estimated 1.5 million people were killed.

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-Ottoman Empire-Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century.
-Founded in Anatolia, the location of modern-day Turkey. Originating in Söğüt (near Bursa, Turkey), the Ottoman dynasty expanded its reign early on through extensive raiding.

-Ottoman seizure of Constantinople-The city of Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II “the Conqueror” in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.
-extended its control to much of the Middle East, coastal North Africa, the lands surrounding the Black Sea, and even farther into Eastern Europe

-leadership was Turkic, and had emerged from a Sunni religious order

- sought to bring a renewed unity to the Islamic world, while also serving as protector of the faith, the "strong sword of Islam."

- After conquering Constantinople, Ottoman rulers viewed themselves as successors to the Roman Empire. (therefore part of the population practiced Christianity).
-Ottoman: much wealth, power, and splendor. Huge territory, long duration, incorporation of many diverse peoples, and economic and cultural sophistication successors to Roman Empire.

-The Ottoman practice of devshirme took Christian boys from their families as a form of tax. These children were then educated as civil servants and professional soldiers (called Janissaries). This system gave the young men access to power. They could even achieve the rank of grand vizier, second in power only to sultan.

-“the sick man of Europe”- Western Europe’s description of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based on the empire’s economic and military weakness and its apparent inability to prevent the shrinking of its territory.

-Tanzimat- Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term “Tanzimat” means “reorganization.”

-Young Ottomans- Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of westernizing reforms to the political system.

-Abd al-Hamid II- Ottoman sultan (r. 1876–1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a despotic monarch for the rest of his long reign.

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The stylized signature of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy. It reads Mahmud Khan son of Abdülhamid is forever victorious.

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identify one economic that is illustrated by the source

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identify one economic that is illustrated by the source

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The power of the [Ottoman] Empire was waning [fading] by 1683 when the second and last
attempt was made to conquer Vienna. It failed. Without the conquest of Europe and the
acquisition of significant new wealth, the Empire lost momentum and went into a slow
decline.
Several other factors contributed to the [Ottoman] Empire’s decline:
• Competition from trade from the Americas
• Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East
• Development of other trade routes
• Rising unemployment within the Empire
• Ottoman Empire became less centralised, and central control weakened
• Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the
administration of the Empire
• Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion
Source: “Ottoman Empire (1301–1922),” BBC online, 2009 (adapted)

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-assimilated the culture of numerous regions under its rule and beyond, being particularly influenced by Byzantium, the Arab culture of the Islamic Middle East, and the Persian culture of Iran.
-Dancing was an important element of Ottoman culture, which incorporated the folkloric dancing traditions of many different countries
-evolved a distinct style of court music, Ottoman classical music.
-The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire.
^carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters.
-known for the quality of its gold- and silversmiths, and particularly for the jewelry they produced.
-Calligraphy had a prestigious status under the Ottomans,
-the poetry produced for the Ottoman court circle had a strong influence from classical Persian traditions

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-An agrarian economy, labor scarce, land rich and capital-poor.
-The majority of the population earned their living from small family holdings and this contributed to around 40 percent of taxes for the empire directly as well as indirectly through customs revenues on exports.
-exported luxury goods like silk, furs, tobacco and spices, and had a growing trade in cotton.
Transportation
-As it expanded, it started gaining control of important trade routes.
-The capture of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Turks was a key event.
^they now had significant control of the Silk Road, which European countries used to trade with Asia.        -Many sources state that the
Ottoman Empire “blocked” the Silk Road.
^while Europeans could trade through Constantinople and other Muslim countries, they had to pay high taxes.

-Land: the Ottomans inherited a network of caravanserai from the Selçuk Turks who preceded them. The administration and tax-gathering of the empire mandated an interest in ensuring the safety of couriers and convoys and (by extension) of merchant caravans

-The main areas of maritime activity were: the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean (main trade: wheat); the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (main trade: spices); the Black Sea (main trade: wheat and lumber); and the Western Mediterranean.
International trade
-Global trade increased around ten to sixteen fold.
-Foreign trade, a minor part of the Ottoman economy, became more important towards the end of the 19th century with the rise of protectionism in Europe and producers looking to new markets.

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- It was absolute monarchy during much of its existence.
-The sultan was at the apex of the hierarchical Ottoman system.
^acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles.
^The title sultan was inherited by the eldest son. When a new Sultan took power he would put all of his brothers into prison. Once he had a son of his own to inherit the throne, he would have his brothers executed.
-The Turks set up a formal government and expanded their territory under the leadership of Osman I, Orhan, Murad I and Bayezid I.
-In 1453, Mehmed II the Conqueror led the Ottoman Turks in seizing the ancient city of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire's capital.

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-Significant advances in science and technology, in a wide range of fields including mathematics, astronomy and medicine
-Contributed to the development of hospitals and healthcare, and witnessed advances in medicine, mining and military technology.
-They set up a leading observatory in Istanbul
-Established more than 300 centers of learning known as medreses.
-Established centers for military education and training and reorganized their armies into officers of different ranks and military, medical, educational and administrative departments.

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At its high point in the mid-sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire encompassed a vast diversity of peoples; straddled Europe, Africa, and Asia; and battled both the Austrian and Safavid empires.

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-May 29, 1453
-Conquested by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.
T-he fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe

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-Soon after Egypt's conquest by the Ottoman armies in 1517, it became the empire's most important province because of its environment and geographical location. Egypt produced more agricultural goods and revenue for the state than any other province, all because of its fertile soils and nutrient-rich waters of the Nile River. Egyptian peasants, with their knowledge and labor, played a key role in the maintenance of Egyptian systems.
-The Ottoman government began to force peasants from distant regions to migrate to Egypt to maintain important dams and canals.
-The period of global cooling during the Ottoman Empire's early Modern Period was known as the Little Ice Age. This world-wide crisis led to agricultural crises and decentralization of the state that the Ottoman Empire was not able to overcome.
-Made up of diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Arabs, Armenians, Greeks, Kurds, and Slavs, the empire stretched from Central Europe in the west to Baghdad (IRAQ) in the east, from the Crimean Sea in the north to the Upper NILE in EGYPT and the Arabian Peninsula (SAUDI ARABIA) in the south.

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As Turkic-speaking migrants bearing the religion of Islam penetrated Anatolia, the Ottoman Empire took shape, reaching into southeastern Europe and finally displacing the Christian Byzantine Empire. Subsequently, it came to control much of the Middle East and North Africa as well.

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-The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east, Russia to the north, and Austria to the west.
-The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece (first to break free), followed by Serbia. The Ottomans conquered/controlled all of the Balkans and most of Anatolia, several Byzantine cities west of Constantinople in the latter half of the 14th century.

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-Dominated by Islam, although non-Muslims were also present and constituted a great deal of the imperial population.
-Due to Turkish traditions of gender semi-equality, women had more rights than other Muslim societies.

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The Rise of the Ottoman Empire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWg0tae_QT0

The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Birth of the Balkans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96n33WWgE9g

The rise of the Ottoman Empire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnOS90_cwQA

History Summarized: The Ottoman Empire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ8UWobHA3M

The Entire History of Ottoman Empire Explained in 7 Minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUWzm7yb5oA

Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Crash Course World History #19

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN-II_jBzzo

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- The Ottoman Empire | All About Turkey
- The Ottoman State and Government | All About Turkey
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#:~:text=The%20Ottoman%20Empire%20was%20an,through%20customs%20revenues%20on%20exports.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

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In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. It caused a civil war, known as the Fetret Devri, lasting from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession.