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First form of government in America. It was a representative assembly in Jamestown.

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Maryland was significant because of its religious tolerance. They accepted Catholics there.

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The French developed a positive relationship with Natives. They traded beaver fur.

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Native Americans had formed complex societies across North America. After European discovery of the Americas, an exchange of goods and ideas, known as the Colombian exchange, occurred between America, Africa, and Europe. European population grew because no crops, Native population dropped because of epidemic disease. Eventually led to competition between different Europeans and then Europeans and Natives.

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Social, Political, Religion, Intellectual, Technological, Economic, Gender

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The first settlers came from Britain to Virginia. They wanted to get rich and heard that there was gold where Jamestown, as it is now known, was.

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Primary cash crop that helped the settlers stay afloat.

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The Pilgrims, people who wanted to get away from the Church of England, settled in Plymouth, MA. They had originally tried to move to the Netherlands but that didn’t work out.

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Spanish settled South America. Used natives for labor (encomienda), promoted Christianity, mixed society of specific social classes
French territory was in north (now Canada). Made alliances with natives to trade and use land to produce furs
Dutch wanted a passage to Asia but eventually settled a few colonies for profitable fur trade, including New Netherlands

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The first ship of slaves came 12 years after the founding of Jamestown.

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Primary crop of the Natives. Native Americans taught colonists how to grow maize.

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After a rough first winter in America, new settlers were hard to come by. The headright system offered 50 acres for each person that a settler paid to bring over. These new people would be indentured servants.

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Colonists bright foreign diseases that wiped out many native tribes in both North and South America.

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Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

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Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

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The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

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Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain.

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Colonists’ resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.

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The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self- rule, and trade.

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Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time.

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The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

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Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions.

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All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.

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As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.

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Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.

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Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time.

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Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups.

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British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) in New England.

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American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

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Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

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An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.

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Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.

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The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.

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Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

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Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

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Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society.

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French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.

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English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.

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Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754.

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Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

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Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

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Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

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Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

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Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with
the natural environment in North America.

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Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607.

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Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.

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As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

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Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural,
and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Interaction between Spanish forces and Natives 

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Interaction between Spanish forces and Natives 

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In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.

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The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.

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The spread of maize cultivation from present- day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.

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European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.

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In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

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As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

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The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor- intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.

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The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

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Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

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1st settlements= Jamestown and Plymouth. Rough winter led to indentured servants. Settlers from Britain migrated to North America for various reasons, including social mobility, economic prosperity, and religious freedom.

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Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural,

and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

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European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.

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Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture.

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Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.

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Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

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As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs,
and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.

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The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

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The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

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The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

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In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.

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The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.

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The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.

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Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.

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Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.

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Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.

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Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

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New England= Puritans, small towns, family farms
Middle colonies= export, most diversity
Chesapeake/North Carolina= tobacco, indentured servants and some slaves
South= plantation economy, reliance on slave labor
Salutary neglect led to created of self-governing organizations often with Enlightenment ideals based around their economic interests.

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Continued resistance from natives as colonists continuously encroached in their land and created competition. Different religious and ethnic groups began to blend into one American culture. Continued trade with Britain led to stronger bonds and more resistance to control.