# data[].attributes.body
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property

# data[].attributes.body
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture, also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was a Haitian general and best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution

# data[].attributes.body
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815

# data[].attributes.body
A puppet state, puppet régime or puppet government, is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and completely submits to their orders

# data[].attributes.body
Napoléon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars

# data[].attributes.body
A military strategy of burning or destroying crops or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force

# data[].attributes.body
The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804

# data[].attributes.body
A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, ousting, overthrow or putsch is the forcible expulsion/removal of power of an existing government by non-democratic means; typically, it is an illegal, unconstitutional seizure of power by a dictator, the military, or a political faction

# data[].attributes.body
Nationalism is an ideology and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland

# data[].attributes.body
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

# data[].attributes.body
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution

# data[].attributes.body
the origins of the French guillotine date back to late-1789, when Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposed that the French government adopt a gentler method of execution

# data[].attributes.body
The Reign of Terror, or more commonly The Terror, refers to a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions

# data[].attributes.body
The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789

# data[].attributes.body
In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects

# data[].attributes.body
Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power

# data[].attributes.body
An act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies

# data[].attributes.body
The state of nature, in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law, is the hypothetical life of people before societies came into existence

# data[].attributes.body
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America

# data[].attributes.body
In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual

# data[].attributes.body
Sovereign is a title which can be applied to the highest leader in various categories

# data[].attributes.body
A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy

# data[].attributes.body
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

# data[].attributes.body
the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters

# data[].attributes.body
The Edict of Fontainebleau was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

# data[].attributes.body
Bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean: a sociologically-defined social class

# data[].attributes.body
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states

# data[].attributes.body
A subsidy or government incentive is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy

# data[].attributes.body
Mercantilism is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports, and minimize the imports, of a nation

# data[].attributes.body
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy

# data[].attributes.body
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715

# data[].attributes.body
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in elective republics

# data[].attributes.body
The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time

# data[].attributes.body
The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

# data[].attributes.body
Musa I, or Mansa Musa, was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror" or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire

# data[].attributes.body
Animism is the belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence

# data[].attributes.body
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa

# data[].attributes.body
Tsetse, sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies, are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa

# data[].attributes.body
a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another

# data[].attributes.body
the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism

# data[].attributes.body
The Seven Years' War was a global war fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved all five European great powers of the time plus many of the middle powers and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines

# data[].attributes.body
a natural object or animal that is believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and that is adopted by it as an emblem

# data[].attributes.body
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century

# data[].attributes.body
an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration.

# data[].attributes.body
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases

# data[].attributes.body
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire

# data[].attributes.body
Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer

# data[].attributes.body
A colony is a territory under the immediate complete political control and occupied by settlers of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign

# data[].attributes.body
The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church

# data[].attributes.body
Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul

# data[].attributes.body
The Reformation was a movement within Western Christianity in the 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular

# data[].attributes.body
In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins"

# data[].attributes.body
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period

# data[].attributes.body
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively

# data[].attributes.body
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink

# data[].attributes.body
identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

# data[].attributes.body
Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint

# data[].attributes.body
A longbow is a type of bow that is tall – roughly equal to the height of the user – allowing the archer a fairly long draw

# data[].attributes.body
a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification

# data[].attributes.body
the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war

# data[].attributes.body
The Agricultural Revolution was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe

# data[].attributes.body
The Commercial Revolution consisted of the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century

# data[].attributes.body
A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area

# data[].attributes.body
The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe

# data[].attributes.body
the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

# data[].attributes.body
The first true university, that is an institution called as such, was founded in Bologna, Italy in 1088

# data[].attributes.body
The Renaissance was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries

# data[].attributes.body
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

# data[].attributes.body
The Reconquista was the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492

# data[].attributes.body
An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin, was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty

# data[].attributes.body
Pope Urban II, born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. Urban II was a native of France

# data[].attributes.body
one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy

# data[].attributes.body
the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

# data[].attributes.body
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices

# data[].attributes.body
a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

# data[].attributes.body
a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries

# data[].attributes.body
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis

# data[].attributes.body
The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches

# data[].attributes.body
The themes or themata were the main military/administrative divisions of the middle Byzantine Empire

# data[].attributes.body
Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman Empire beginning c. 672. Used to set light to enemy ships, it consisted of a combustible compound emitted by a flame-throwing weapon

# data[].attributes.body
Code of Justinian. Code of Justinian, Latin Codex Justinianus, formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”),

# data[].attributes.body
the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad

# data[].attributes.body
Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman Empire, of the Eastern Roman Empire, of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire and of the Ottoman Empire

# data[].attributes.body
The Silk Road was a network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious

# data[].attributes.body
the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims

# data[].attributes.body
Hit-and-run tactics is a tactical doctrine of using short surprise attacks, withdrawing before the enemy can respond in force, and constantly maneuvering to avoid full engagement with the enemy

# data[].attributes.body
Genghis Khan, also officially Genghis Emperor, was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire

# data[].attributes.body
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent

# data[].attributes.body
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.

# data[].attributes.body
Description

The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, and was the largest contiguous land empire in history

# data[].attributes.body
Pastoralism is a form of animal husbandry, historically by nomadic people who moved with their herds

# data[].attributes.body
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

# data[].attributes.body
Gunpowder, also known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive

# data[].attributes.body
Movable type is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document usually on the medium of paper

# data[].attributes.body
A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group

# data[].attributes.body
jihad is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim

# data[].attributes.body
Sharia, Islamic law or sharia law is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam

# data[].attributes.body
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam

# data[].attributes.body
the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church