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A study in which participants are randomly assigned to groups that undergo various researcher-imposed treatments or interventions, followed by observation or measurements to assess the effects of the behaviors.

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Quasi Experimental Research involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions.

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For the Quasi-Experimental method, the approach is to explore.

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Experimental

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Can be mixed but lack random allocation of groups or proper controls, so firm statistical analysis can be very difficult. So more often, qualitative.

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Correlational research is defined by the assessment of two variables in order to understand their potential relationship.

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Primary data or Raw data
collected from your own sources

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Nonequivalent groups designs, pretest-posttest, and interrupted time-series designs

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Scientific approach is to research

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Experimental research design is centrally concerned with constructing research that is high in causal (internal) validity. Randomized experimental designs provide the highest levels of causal validity.

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Casual comparative is a type of research that attempts to identify a cause-effect relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

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This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.

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Explain

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Research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding textual material.

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Quantitative Primary Data

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Conduct an experiment.

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Non-experimental

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Systematically evaluating texts (e.g., documents, oral communication, and graphics), converting qualitative data into quantitative data.

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Mix-Method

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Secondary

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Conventional, directed, or summative

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other data collected, questionnaire, really anything

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NK_jGglELI

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https://www.anthonypicciano.com/education-research-methods/causal-comparative-research/

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in this type of research is when a you dive deeper into a subject, individual, hyggroup or an issue

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a laboratory test such as testing whether or not soil or sand works better in growing a plant.

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The statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies. When the treatment effect (or effect size) is consistent from one study to the next, it can be used to identify this common effect.

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A statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power, improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.

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A quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research.

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Usually experimental design has factors being tested that the correlation is found between

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comparing a group of high school dropouts with a group of high school students who have not dropped out of school

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Measure two variables from one source, such as asking a person how many pets they have and how many kids they have. Test to see if when one goes up the other also goes up or vice versa.

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Quantitative and primary data

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Can be surveyed and also data collection

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https://www.questionpro.com/blog/correlational-research/

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1PLf-XlES8VFPIMA41FES1z9D9AKakxN9PaowRaPohZc/edit#slide=id.g44176f5095_0_53

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30g69EGghKQ

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-Seeing if there is a relationship between amount of education and amount of income

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1. Frame a question (based on a theory)
2. Run a search
3. Read the abstract and title of the individual papers.
4. Abstract information from the selected set of final articles.
5. Determine the quality of the info in the articles.
6. Determine the extent to which these articles are heterogeneous
7. Estimate the summary effect size in the form of Odds Ratio and using both fixed and random effects models and construct a forest plot
8. Determine the extent to which these articles have publication bias and run a funnel plot
9. Conduct subgroup analyses and meta regression to test if there are subsets of research that capture the summary effects

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Secondary because it is collected from primary sources.

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Multiple different credible studies and data.

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https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu/tutorials/studydesign101/metaanalyses.cfm

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Omnq13QZ-3c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i675gZNe3MY

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1. Nakamura, A., van Der Waerden, J., Melchior, M., Bolze, C., El-Khoury, F., & Pryor, L. (2019). Physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.009

2. Goyal, A., Elminawy, M., Kerezoudis, P., Lu, V., Yolcu, Y., Alvi, M., & Bydon, M. (2019). Impact of obesity on outcomes following lumbar spine surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 177, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.12.012

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Explore

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Non-experimental

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Both qualitative and quantitative

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Quasi-Experiment: Definitions

I'm going to do a psychological experiment where I make people different ages and then see how they react to loud noises. Well, I'd like to. Unfortunately, even with our advanced quantum physics and computers, we cannot reverse or control age like that. Psychological researchers are forced to work around the issue.

Because we can't reverse someone's age, we have to work with people who are already that age. But, we miss some things in the process. But, I'm getting ahead of myself.

A true experiment has one main component - randomly assigned groups. This translates to every participant having an equal chance of being in the experimental group, where they are subject to a manipulation, or the control group, where they are not manipulated.

A quasi-experiment is simply defined as not a true experiment. Since the main component of a true experiment is randomly assigned groups, this means a quasi-experiment does not have randomly assigned groups. Why are randomly assigned groups so important since they are the only difference between quasi-experimental and true experimental?

When performing an experiment, a researcher is attempting to demonstrate that variable A influences or causes variable B to do something. They want to demonstrate cause and effect. Random assignment helps ensure that there is no pre-existing condition that will influence the variables and mess up the results.

A silly example would be something like, 'Does chemical X1 cause blindness?' If you accidentally put all of the people wearing glasses in the condition where you spray X1 in someone's face, then your results are going to be skewed. This is an extreme and overly simplistic example, but it is demonstrating why normally an experimenter wants to randomly assign people into different groups. Let's look at some more realistic and typical quasi-experiments in psychology.

Non-Equivalent Groups

Sometimes a researcher needs a particular type of participant or they only have access to a certain group of participants. This means that the researcher collects participants in a group that cannot or should not be divided up, or more simply, the researcher cannot randomly assign the participants. This non-equivalent group is defined as an experiment where existing groups are not divided.

An experiment using non-equivalent groups might take place at a mental health institution. You cannot randomly assign people to therapy and others to not have therapy. That would be unethical. So, you're forced to assign the entire group to therapy, which means no random assignment.

It is possible to have multiple groups. In our mental health institution example, let's say that the staff had divided up everyone into three groups. Furthermore, let's say you have a new type of therapy and an old type of therapy, so nobody is going without.

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types & examples - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Quasi-Experimental Designs: Definition, Characteristics, Types & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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I'm going to do a psychological experiment where I make people different ages and then see how they react to loud noises. Well, I'd like to. Unfortunately, even with our advanced quantum physics and computers, we cannot reverse or control age like that. Psychological researchers are forced to work around the issue.

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Primary

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documentation, surveys, interviews, artefact collection.

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https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/casestudy

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https://youtu.be/ectS1ote8uA

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when you're investigating a group of people, certain events or data.

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non-experimental

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Qualitative and Quantitative data interpreted

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data from a set of texts, which can be written, oral, or visual.These can be books, newspapers, magazines, speeches.

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https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/content-analysis
https://instr.iastate.libguides.com/c.php?g=49332&p=318069

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Martin Luther King "i have a dream" speech

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwjWb3BxgGk

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https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/38/11/1586/285372