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As many schools move toward including students with special needs in general education programming, co-taught classes-collaborations between general education and special education teachers-have become fairly common.

But co-taught inclusion classes can look wildly different depending on how the model is implemented. Engaging in the complex act of teaching with someone else is, well, complicated. In fact, I've often thought of co-teaching as being like a marriage. Co-taught inclusion classes can provide rich teaching and learning opportunities for students and teachers-and they also have the potential to go terribly awry.

While there's no silver bullet that will ensure an effective teaching partnership, I've learned some practical tips that have helped me (a general education middle school English teacher) collaborate successfully with many wonderful special educators.

Here are eight tips for making the most of co-teaching:

1. Make time for co-planning. You must have time in your schedules to sit down and meet-not a casual, fly-by, "what are we doing tomorrow" kind of conversation but a regular and appointed time for structured planning sessions. Ideally, you would have two (or more) periods a week devoted to this process. I prefer a meeting at the beginning of the week and another at the end of the week.

Without time in your schedule for co-planning, it will be impossible to maximize the full benefits of co-teaching. One teacher will most likely fall into more of an "assistant" role, which is not true co-teaching. If you don't have time to co-plan in your schedule, it's worth advocating for with your administration.

2. Be on the same page! Yes, literally. I would be lost without a common planning document shared with my co-teacher(s). I typically use Google Docs, which allows multiple users to view, edit, and comment simultaneously.

For each unit, I create a document that includes "big picture" elements of the unit: key concepts, time frame, skills, texts, and assessments. The document also includes a calendar where we mark daily aims and agendas. We comment in the margins with questions, to-do's, and reminders.

3. Develop a productive co-planning flow. It's great to catch up a bit on life or debrief on the lesson when you sit down to meet with your co-teacher. However, I try to keep lesson debriefs and other items to about 10 minutes so that we use the time mainly for planning.

Here's how my co-teacher and I organize our planning time:

Before beginning a unit, we meet to look at the "big picture," or the shape that the whole unit will take-the concepts, progression of skills, and how students will demonstrate their learning.

In Monday meetings, we focus on planning the following week's worth of lessons, though not always in full detail. We also tie up loose ends for the current week.

In Friday meetings, we debrief the week, fine tune the plans for next week, and create a skeleton for the following week.

4. Divide up to-do's. At the end of each meeting, it's best to identify and delegate the To Do's that arise from your plans. These include materials that must be created or student work requiring feedback by a particular date. Ideally, we do this in advance and run materials by each other before class.

5. It's "we," not "I". This is a detail that speaks volumes about your co-teaching partnership: Do you say "we" or "I" when introducing an assignment to students? If you want students to see you both as "their teachers," then, when addressing the class, you should say, " We want you to remember that..." and not " I want you to do it like this..." This can be a hard shift for teachers not used to co-teaching. But it sends an important message to students that both teachers have equal status and are on the same page.

6. Vary the way you group students. Though the special education teacher may take on a more active role in supporting the learning needs of our students with special needs, it's important in an inclusion class that all students feel like both teachers are "their teacher." One way to make this clear is by varying student groupings and which teacher leads each group. For example, if we tier groups for an activity based on reading levels then the special education teacher should not always go with the "lower-level" group. By mixing this up, we create a more inclusive classroom-and the opportunity to get to know all students equally.

7. Dialogue in front of students. Ongoing communication is necessary in co-teaching. Sometimes it's beneficial to have a dialogue with your co-teacher right in front of students.

Let's say my co-teacher tells students to put their books away at the end of a short activity. However, I actually want them to keep out their books because it worked better in my class last period. I have choices for how to respond.

I can:
&nbsp&nbsp a) Let it go, and ask students to take their books out again later.
&nbsp&nbsp b) Be visibly annoyed and say nothing.
&nbsp&nbsp c) Address it aloud to my co-teacher in front of students.

A is often an appropriate response. B is not good, because it puts negativity out there for students and my co-teacher, and it doesn't solve anything. If I choose C, though, I can solve the practical problem, and I can model effective adult communication for my students.

For example, I might say in an even, enthusiastic tone, "You know what, Mr. K, what if students keep their books out, so they can refer to them later in the writing activity? What do you think? Would that be helpful?" Tone is important here.

If I'm sincere and not grabbing for power, Mr. K might respond, "That's a good idea! Yes, keep your books out, everyone." This way, I haven't contradicted my co-teacher's directions. I shared my thought and then left it to him to make the call-and we've modeled flexible collaboration for our students.

I also initiate dialogue with my co-teacher for other reasons. Maybe I'm unsure of how to respond to a student's question, so I say, "I'm not sure. What do you think, Mr. K?" Or, to share spontaneous decisionmaking, I say, "Mr. K, do you think we have time for students to talk with a partner before sharing out to the whole class?" Sometimes this kind of adjustment can be decided in a whisper, but all conversations do not need to be kept private. Sometimes it's more efficient and interesting to dialogue in front of the class.

8. Check in and have that conversation. At times, it's necessary to check in with your co-teacher on how the co-teaching dynamic itself is going.

Here are some general questions for a check-in conversation:

Are there management items we should clarify, such as when are students allowed to go to the bathroom?

Are we sharing airtime well?

Are we dividing grading in an equitable way?

Are there teaching formats that would better utilize the two of us in the classroom?

Change can be hard but necessary. Checking in makes an investment in the relationship and opens the door to change.

Every co-teaching partnership is different. Some work wonderfully with relatively little effort, as long as basic structures are in place. Others take great effort and progress slowly. (In some cases-and I think this is the rare exception-a co-teaching partnership will not work, despite anyone's best efforts. In such cases, seek administrative intervention.)

In every partnership, however, conflicts arise, and there may be a need to speak directly to the conflict, which is an adult skill most of us need to strengthen. Co-teaching will definitely test that strength!

My co-teaching relationships have been some of the most powerful sources of professional development in my career. Most importantly, a strong co-teaching dynamic can create an inclusion class that is a rich, challenging, and supportive learning environment for all students.

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Eight Tips For Making the Most of Co-Teaching

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As many schools move toward including students with special needs in general education programming, co-taught classes-collaborations between general education and special education teachers-have become fairly common. But co-taught inclusion classes can look wildly different depending on how the model is implemented. Engaging in the complex act of teaching with someone else is, well, complicated.

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By: Kimberly Monachino

As you walk down the hallway of a school and peek in and out of classrooms, you may see two teachers in a classroom instead of one. Often, the scenario is a general education teacher and special education teacher working together to teach all students in the classroom, including students with disabilities. These teachers work together, sharing their ideas and planning lessons. Both teachers support each other and work as a team. This type of teaching model is referred to as co-teaching. In a co-teaching classroom, there is a mutual respect and partnership between both teachers to present learning in diverse ways based on the needs of the students.

Co-teaching simply means two teachers working together to deliver instruction. However, there are different ways that two teachers work together to deliver instruction in a co-teaching classroom. One approach is called one teach, one observe. In this model, one teacher delivers instruction while the other observes student learning. The second teacher walks around the classroom checking to make sure the students understand the lesson. A second approach is called one teach, one assist. With this approach, one teacher takes the lead role and the other teacher rotates among students to provide support. This model allows one teacher to respond to individual students in a quicker manner. A third approach is parallel co-teaching. In this model, the two teachers divide the students in two groups and teach the same lesson. This allows for each teacher to have fewer students and focus on specific skills. In the fourth approach, station teaching, both teachers are actively involved in instruction as the students rotate from one station to the next, learning new materials. The fifth approach is alternative teaching, which allows one teacher to take a small group of students and provide instruction that is different than what the large group receives. The last approach is the complementary teaching model in which one teacher instructs the students while the other teacher offers an instructional strategy that supplements or complements the lesson. For example, the first teacher may model note taking on the board as the second teacher presents the lesson. If you do a Google search for co-teaching diagrams, you will find many images illustrating of the various co-teaching models.

There are many benefits for all students with using any of these models. Particularly, students with disabilities can access the general education curriculum and general education classroom setting. Students with disabilities benefit from being part of a classroom with high academic rigor with a teacher who understands the academic content and a special education teacher who can adjust the instruction. Lastly, students with disabilities may feel more connected with their classmates in the classroom and community.

Next time you walk down the hall of a school, take a peek in a classroom. You might be surprised what you see. Remember, two teachers may be better than one for all students.
Kim Monachino is director of the Office for Exceptional Children for the Ohio Department of Education. You can learn more about Kim by clicking here
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Co-teaching...Two Teachers in One Class Equals Success!

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By: Kimberly Monachino As you walk down the hallway of a school and peek in and out of classrooms, you may see two teachers in a classroom instead of one. Often, the scenario is a general education teacher and special education teacher working together to teach all students in the classroom, including students with disabilities.

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Collaborative Team Teaching: Challenges and Rewards

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Veteran special ed teacher Marisa Kaplan shares the challenges and rewards of co-teaching, including the fun of having another adult in the classroom.

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It wasn't that long ago that education practice focused on dividing groups of students and teachers into numerous self-contained units by presumed capabilities.

If you were going to compare education to a mathematical operation, it probably would have been division - people and ideas were being separated, always moving away from one another.

In recent years, education has begun to change. It has evolved to become less about division and more about addition:

Groups of students are added together to form today's inclusive, diverse classrooms.

Content that was traditionally taught in just one way is now taught in many ways through the application of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles.

More and more teachers - who often worked in isolation - are actively collaborating with their colleagues. Some of these teachers share classrooms and the responsibility for all aspects of their students' educations - they are co-teaching.

"I hope you find co-teaching is a way to help you accomplish the dream of offering all students the education that will enable them to reach their true potential." -Marilyn Friend

Co-teaching brings general educators-and their students-and special educators-and their students-together in one space-the classroom. Bringing these groups together is the starting point, but there is a lot more to co-teaching. Co-teaching involves a general educator and a special educator blending their skills, strengths and experiences so that every student in their heterogeneous classroom benefits-all of the students have richer, more productive learning experiences than they would have had if they had only been taught by one of the co-teachers.

Some of the main benefits of co-teaching include:

Increased instructional delivery and assessment options for greater student engagement.

Increased grouping flexibility in order to provide students with differentiated instruction and diverse learning experiences.

Reduced stigma for children through inclusive practices and access to the general education curriculum.

Increased professional support and opportunities for collaborative problem-solving.

Meets IDEA regulatory requirements for Least Restrictive Environment.

So, how does co-teaching-this coming together of two instructors with specialized expertise-work? And how can it improve student performance? This section of the site will answer these questions and more.

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It wasn't that long ago that education practice focused on dividing groups of students and teachers into numerous self-contained units by presumed capabilities. If you were going to compare education to a mathematical operation, it probably would have been division - people and ideas were being separated, always moving away from one another.

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IEP 101: Who are the required IEP Team Members? Overview