# data[].attributes.body
He thinks we are dumb and we need someone smart to govern us

# data[].attributes.body
believe that the government should be a monarchy. Believe that the people are "evil and dumb" and that the people need someone to rule them

# data[].attributes.body
believes that government should be a monarchy
-_-

# data[].attributes.headline
Thomas Hobbes believes the government should be a monarch

# data[].attributes.subject
Thomas Hobbes believes the government should be a monarch

# data[].attributes.body
He laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism.

# data[].attributes.body
He came up with the social contract. This stated that the power of the government comes from the consent of who it governs.

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke created a reasoning for religious tolerance, and believed that:
1. People on Earth could not quickly evaluate which religious claims were true
2. Enforcing a single religion would not be beneficial and would lead to violence
3. Enforcing religious uniformity would lead to more disorder than allowing diversity

# data[].attributes.body
His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Considered the most influential of the Enlightenment  - One of the first British empiricists ( A theory that that states knowledge which only comes from sensory experience )

# data[].attributes.body
Thomas is known for his political thought His main concern is the problem of social and political order. how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict.

# data[].attributes.body
the idea that the power of the government comes from the consent of who it governs.

# data[].attributes.body
Hobbes was an English philosopher, he was considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. He is best known for his book Leviathan, in which he spoke of the social contract theory. He disagreed with many other of his time, he believed in a strong monarchy.

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke is among the most influential POLITICAL philosopher of the modern period.

In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.

# data[].attributes.headline
he made contributions to develop liberalism

# data[].attributes.subject
he made contributions to develop liberalism

# data[].attributes.body
Hobbes first area of study was physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum.

# data[].attributes.body
Denied the divine rights of kings, and challenged the authority of the government. He was a mostly political philosopher rather than a religious one.

# data[].attributes.body
he wanted criminals to have more freedom/rights. He believed that the criminal system needed improvement.

# data[].attributes.headline
She made a special effort to bring leading intellectuals and scientists to Russia.

# data[].attributes.subject
She made a special effort to bring leading intellectuals and scientists to Russia.

# data[].attributes.body
beccaria was said to have an influence on the founding father of the US.

# data[].attributes.body
He was considered one of the greatest thinkers of the enlightenment

# data[].attributes.body
his treatise was the first full work of penology, advocating the reform of criminal law system.  it was also the first piece of work to tackle criminal reform. he fought for the criminals.

# data[].attributes.body
At the time of her rule she was aware of the jewish, but judiasim was not a major religion. they had to pay double than their orthodox neighbors. they also had to pay to get into the merchant area of work. Later, the jews resided in Poland, and 500 out of 900 churches were torn down to pay debts.

# data[].attributes.body
In Beccaria's interpretation, law exists to preserve the social contract and benefit society as a whole. But, because people act out of self-interest and their interest sometimes conflicts with societal laws, they commit crimes.

# data[].attributes.body
he influenced the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights and new thoughts on the death penalty

# data[].attributes.body
Philosopher, jurist, criminologist, and Italian politician. He came up with the first arguments against capital punishment. Came up with the ideas that there should be criminal reform and criminal justice. He protested against using torture to get confessions out of people, making secret accusations, the unparalleled power of judges, the inconsistency of sentencing, people using power and connections to get a lighter sentence, and capital punishments for minor crimes. Said criminal system was inhumane.

# data[].attributes.body
Considered the most talented jurist.

# data[].attributes.headline
She wished to bring Russia up to par with its neighbors not only in a military sense, but also politically, culturally, and intellectually.

# data[].attributes.subject
She wished to bring Russia up to par with its neighbors not only in a military sense, but also politically, culturally, and intellectually.

# data[].attributes.headline
She was the ruler during the Catherinian Era, which was the golden age of Russia.

# data[].attributes.subject
She was the ruler during the Catherinian Era, which was the golden age of Russia.

# data[].attributes.body
commander or papal armies

# data[].attributes.headline
She is known for her collection of books, nearly 38000 in her library alongside of 10000 gems and 10000 drawings. She believed in education and would have English professors teach Russian children their philosophy and research. 

# data[].attributes.subject
She is known for her collection of books, nearly 38000 in her library alongside of 10000 gems and 10000 drawings. She believed in education and would have English professors teach Russian children their philosophy and research. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Catherine the Great considered herself an enlightened despot.

# data[].attributes.subject
Catherine the Great considered herself an enlightened despot.

# data[].attributes.headline
freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service

# data[].attributes.subject
freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service

# data[].attributes.headline
Catherine reformed the administration of Russian governorates and built many new cities and towns. She was a key part in fostering education and arts.

# data[].attributes.subject
Catherine reformed the administration of Russian governorates and built many new cities and towns. She was a key part in fostering education and arts.

# data[].attributes.headline
She was the countries longest-ruling female leader

# data[].attributes.subject
She was the countries longest-ruling female leader

# data[].attributes.body
criminologist and philosopher who wrote the Essay on Crimes and Punishments which lead to the abolishment of unfair torture for punishment (the level of punishment was different for each level of crime)

# data[].attributes.body
He strongly advocated and wrote about the Freedom of Speech and freedom of Religion.

# data[].attributes.body
He was a deist and spoke out against many religions. Because he was a deist and criticized religion he fought to separate the church from the government.

# data[].attributes.body
Voltaire strongly believed in and backed Newton's theories

# data[].attributes.body
He developed the theory behind the separation of powers. The separation of powers, is when different amounts of power are distributed evenly among different groups of people. This is what we  now know as the Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branches. He also wrote the Spirit of  Laws, which was a document about different political theories that Montesquieu had. He publish many writings on political things, and greatly influenced the framers of the U.S constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Montesquieu believed that the industry created by commerce serves every aspect of life, mental as well as physical.

# data[].attributes.body
Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer, who wrote in almost all types of literature (poems, novels, essays, histories, and scientific expositions were the types of literature he did)

# data[].attributes.body
He believed that commerce is an important form of communication for modern societies and that it not only draws people together but also forges links between nations.

# data[].attributes.body
The first theorist to consider commerce a topic deserving of serious consideration in a major political treatise.

# data[].attributes.body
He was fascinated with the English government.
He also published political writings

# data[].attributes.body
Wrote the Spirit of Laws

# data[].attributes.body
Influenced the framers of the U.S constitution.