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Jamestown was he first permanent English settlement in North America. There were many settlers including John Rolfe, who figured out how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia. Jamestown was taken over by a captain named John Smith in 1608. He helped organize the colony. This is significant because it was the start of English colonization. Someone who was a big help in the colonization was James Oglethorpe, who colonized Georgia. Jamestown relates to migration and settlement for themes.

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Pilgrims were a religious group that arrived in Plymouth in 1620. The pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact which was the first written government by people in the colonies. After the Mayflower Compact, there was a new document that was written called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This contains some principles that eventually were applied in creating the United States government. Eventually, the Puritans came and wanted to correct the church of England in 1629. A man named John Winthrop lead the Puritans and called MA Bay Colony "City upon a hill". Thomas Hooker lead about 100 settlers out of MA Bay to Connecticut because he felt that the gvernor and other officials had too much power. Massachusetts was a royal colony which means that it was a colony ruled by governors appointed by a king. This is significant because it shows colonists moving to the New World for religious reasons. This relates to migration.

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New Amsterdam was established in1624 by the Dutch near the mouth  of the Hudson river and the southern end of Manhattan island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire. This is significant because it was a trade port for the Dutch trade empire, so lots of goods were exchanged there. This relates to economics and environment & geography.

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The Great Migration of Puritans was when 70,000 refugees left England for new world population increase of New England.  New England had town meetings that were a democratic form of government common in the colonies. In New England, there was a war called King Phillips' war. In this war, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns the colonists destroyed native town, which lead to the most deadly Indian War. This is significant because it shows the uprise of New England. This relates to migration and settlement and social structure.

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This is when the colonies of New England were not accepting different ways of thinking. For example, Roger Williams' idea of separation of church and state , who clashed with the intolerant Anne Hutchinson, who was a Puritan who held biblical studies and believed in a personal relationship with God. This is significant because it shows the coming of new ideas about the church ad Christianity. This relates to National Identity and Social Structures.

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There were three acts that regulated colonial trade. The first act closed the colonies to all trade except from English ships. The second act ensured that everything being shipped to the colonies from Europe had to pass through England so the goods could be taxed. The third act was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two acts. This forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs to officials to enforce the Navigation Acts. During the Navigation acts, King George II revoked the Massachusetts charter, which allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the new world, because colonists were refusing to obey the acts which lead to the anti-British ideas in New England. This is significant because it shows how the start of the trade and navigation acts lead to the anti-british feelings of the New world. This relates to America and the world and economics.

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Bacon, who was an indentured servant, and the western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia's governor because he was trying to appease the Doeg Indians after they attacked the Western settlements. The formed an army led by Bacon and attacked the Indian's then marched to and burned down Jamestown, controlled by William Berkley. Bacon's rebellion happened because of the headright system. The headright system were parcels of land given to the colonists that brought indentured servants into america. This is significant because it ended the use of indentured servants and shows tension with American Indians. This relates to social structures.

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In 1682, William Penn established Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Free men had the right to vote, provided leadership for self-government based on Quaker beliefs. His colony was diverse because it had religious tolerance. William Penn was a Quaker. William Penn is significant because he helped spread the ideas of diverse religion and self-government. This relates to politics and power and social structures.

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In 1686 the British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province lead by a royal governor named Edmund Andros. This came to an end in 1692 when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. This is significant because it strengthened colonies from attcks by native american tribes.

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Lord Baltimore was the founder of Maryland, which was a Proprietary colony meaning that the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for yearly payment. Maryland had an economic policy called mercantilism where nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by selling more goods than they bought.

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This was a religious movement that was characterized by emotional preaching. Jonathan Edwards, a minister, and George Whitefield, a preacher, both helped lead this emotional preaching and the Great Awakening. This established American religious precedents like camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. This cultural movement united the thirteen colonies through social mobility. This is significant because it united the thirteen colonies and it spread religion and Christianity throughout the colonies. This relates to social structures and culture.

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During the French and Indian war, Benjamin Franklin, a businessman and scientist, created a cartoon called Join or Die to encourage people to join in fighting the British. He also led the movement towards American Revolution. In 1754, he proposed a plan called Albany Plan of Union to unite 13 colonies for several purposes, but it was turned down by the colonies and the Crown. Ohio river valley was one of the disputed land areas. This war is a precursor to the Revolution. The 7 years war is very significant because it ended with the Treaty of Paris and it contributed to territorial gains. This relates to America and the world and national identity.

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During the Triangular trade, slaves were transported on ships from Africa to the Caribbean islands through the middle passage. For trade, African American culture included music, dancing, basket-weaving, and pottery making. So for trade, African Americans brought crafts and ideas rather than actual items. Molasses from the Caribbeans to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa were also transported. This is significant because it started trading, but it also started the rise of slavery in the thirteen colonies. This relates to environment and geography and culture.

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The American Revolution was a war between Great Britain and America. There were many different events that occurred during this revolution and even before. At one pint, America was very Isolationist which meant that they were against taking part in foreign affairs through alliances or wars. Before the revolution, seaman from America were going through impressment meaning that they were forced into service without choice. This revolution had a lot to do with boats. Privateers, a private vessel authorized to capture enemy ships, were very helpful in the win of the American Revolution. This caused tension between Great Britain and the colonies. During this war there were blockades by the British of southern waters. Another important event was the stamp act, which was a boycott of British goods. The stamp act had stamp duty which is the tax on the export of good. The taxation was called protective tariffs, taxes placed on imported goods to raise prices. Something else that occurred was compacts. There were different compacts created like the Mayflower Compact. A compact is an agreement or covenant between states to preform a legal act. The US also dealt with economy issues like depreciation which is a decrease in value, as in the decline of purchasing power of money. Propaganda was important during the revolution. Propaganda was used to fight for the unity of the colonies. The US also had to deal with religious issues like disestablishment, separating state churches from their connection to the government. Envoys were being sent out during the revolution. These were agents sent by government on official business. Lots of fiscal policies were starting to occur such as the Whiskey excise tax. This was the tax on manufacture, sale, or consumption of whiskey.  Something else that happened during the revolution was inflation, which is an increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, which did lead to the decline in purchasing of power of money. One last interesting this from the American revolution was Witch-Hunts. These were investigations that were supposed to uncover dangerous activity but really they intended to weaken political opposition. These are all important parts to the American revolution because they all contributed to the win and they helped create America to be the independent country we are today. This relates to America and the world, culture, economics, and social structures.

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This was formed by the second Continental Congress after the Revolutionary war breakout. It was created to coordinate the military efforts of the 13 colonies in their insurrection, meaning rebellion against a political party, against Great Britain's rule, meaning. This was made up of colonial militias, who were groups of able-bodied colonial men that weren't properly trained in military, although the British did had mercenary's who were professional soldiers serving in a foreign army. They banded together in revolt against British despotism, which is tyrannic rule. This is significant because these armies fought for the American revolution and against British rule. This relates to America and the world and national identity. National identity is one's identity to belonging to one state or nation.

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In 1776, Thomas Paine created a pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government.  It used "common sense" and plain language that would appeal to the colonists. Thomas Paine argued for Democratic-republicans, who believed in an agrarian-based decentralized, democratic government. This party was created to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution. The Federalists were lead by Alexander Hamilton who was also the co-author of the federalist papers, which is a collection of 85 articles promoting the ratification of the US Constiution, along with James Madison who was the fourth US President and was hailed as "president of the constitution". Hamilton was also the first secretary of Treasury. Federalism is a system of government where states or provinces share power with national government. This is important because it shows one of the most important political parties and what their ideas were on government. This relates to Politics and Power and social structures.

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The confiscation acts confiscated the property of Loyalists. Confiscation means to seize land or property for public use. The confiscation acts are significant because it helped to push along and get closer to the freedom of slaves. This relates to environment and geography, politics and power, and social structures.

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This created the Northwest territory for civilians, which was the first organized territory of the US. A territory is a government organized entity that does not yet have full equal terms of a state. The land was to be subdivided by a grid and the basic unit of land grant was the township, which was a surveyed territory, six miles square. This was from lands beyond the Appalachian mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes, to the North and the Ohio River to the South. This established the precedent by which the Federal Government would be sovereign and expand west. The Northwest Ordinance nullified slavery meaning that states legally invalidated slavery. This was decided by popular sovereignty meaning that due to the "rule of the people" who are the source of all political power , slavery had to be nullified. At one point, Britain annexed a region of this to the Province of Quebec. This is significant because not only did northwestern expansion happen and new, stable territories were being created, but slavery was starting to come closer to an end. This relates to Migration and Settlement and politics and power.

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The constitutional convention happened from May 25 to September 17, 1987. It took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was intended to revise the Articles of confederation but the result was the invention and ratification of the United States Constitution. The Constitution created bicameral national legislator which is a legislative body with two houses. Through the US Constitution, Separation of powers was created. Separation of powers is the idea of a constitutional government with three branches who would all have the power to check the other branches. The constitution also abolished slavery i the US. The abolitionists who were against slavery, said that slavery was unconstitutional. Even after this though, abolishment did not immediately happen in some of the states and instead emancipation laws were set in to gradually set slaves and servants free. The constitution caused assimilation after being written. Assimilation is the merging of diverse cultures into one. The constitution made a lot of new changes to law and government. It empowered the congress to carry out the Census, an official count of the US. It occurs every 10 years. At one point the constitution mentions the Cabinet in Article 2 Section 2. The Cabinet is the body of official advisors to the head of government. Another important part of the Constitution talks about nobody should be held to answer for a capital unless on a indictment of the Grand Jury. Indictment is a formal written accusation, charging someone with crime. This is very important because the US Constitution established America's fundamental laws and helped to shape the US. This connects to social structure and politics and power.

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Republican Motherhood was a predominant conception of women's roles before, during, and after the American Revolution. A republican mother was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Republican motherhood is significant because it shows that women did have at least some sort of role in the revolution, even back when women did not have as many rights. This connects to social structure.

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After the war, America fell into public debt growth. Public debt is the debt of a government or nation to individual creditors. This is important because it shows that even after the war America's economy was still having issues and lots of work needed to be done to build it up again. This relates to economics.

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The Hartford Convention was a meeting of the Federalists during the War of 1812. The convention opposed the war hawks, members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain. The purpose of the meeting was to gain more power in government and to protest the War of 1812. The meeting actually ended in the Federalist party being destroyed. With the Federalist party now gone, this left only the Democratic party, this was known as the Era of Good Feelings with James Monroe as President. After the Era of Good Feelings was a result of the creation of the Whig Party in 1834. This is significant because it ended the federalist party and made many advancements in the government. This relates to Politics and Power and America and the world.

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Eerie Canal was a 350 mile canal that was built by the state of New York that stretched from Buffalo to Albany. The canal revolutionized shipping in New York and opened up new markets, which is evidence of the Market Revolution. The market revolution the amount of new inventions created was prolific. For example, the cotton gin and John Deere. John Deere created the steel plow in 1837 which helped revolutionize farming. The market revolution caused many advancements like U.S. nativists woman working in factories, ending the cult of domesticity. It was also good for industrialization like internal improvement, the basic public works like roads and canals. The national road/national turnpike  was created which stretched from the Potomac river to the Ohio river. It had gates set up along the road which collected tolls. Evangelicals also became a thing during this time and evangelical has to do with religious belief emphasizing personal salvation. This is significant because the market revolution advanced the U.S. in very many ways. this relates to economics, geography, and national identity.

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The Adams-Onis treaty was a treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ties Florida to the U.S. The Adams-Onis treaty was significant because it cause changes in the land that was owned by the U.S. This relates to power and politics and geography.

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Henry Clay was a part of the Whig party, which was a coalition of anti-Jackson leaders and they were dedicated to the internal improvements funded by national government. Henry Clay proposed the Tariff of 1816 which was designed to help America's textile industry. He received electoral votes for president in 1824, 1832, and 1844. He was a representative for Kentucky in both state and senate house. He supported the American System, which had three mutually reinforcing parts. Clay was a part of the American Colonization Society which was established to help gradually end slavery by helping slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport freed slaves to Africa.Clay was also a part of the Missouri compromise which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It established a geographic line that determined whether new states would be added to the union as slave or free states. William Lloyd Garrison wrote about this and how he, who was anti-slaver believed that the anti-slavery community should not be a part of a political party. While this was happening, the Mason-Dixon line was created which was a line separating slave states and free states. This is significant because Henry Clay was the 2nd two party system founder, he also is a "compromiser" for slavery. This relates to social structures and politics and power.

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Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement developed in the eastern US. The core belief is the inherent goodness of people and nature. There were two authors associated with this, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Utopian communities are similar to this because they have similar beliefs oh perfection and harmony. While this was happening, the Hudson River school was created. This was a painting school that was inspired by romanticism this school mostly painted landscapes. Another idea that was created was polygamy. Polygamy was the pratice of having two or more spouses at one time. This is significant because it was a pre-industrial revolution, and market revolution. Transcendentalism relates to economy, social structures and culture.

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The Indian Removal Act was a law that provided for the removal of all Indian Tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement. The Indian Removal Act was an Usurpation, which is the act of seizing power of someone without right. It was an usurpation because of the Monroe Doctorine, which made it so the Americans didn't have the right to take their land. The Act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. The trail of tears was a big part of the Indian Removal Act  as it forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter. A lot of Cherokee people died during this. Along with this was the Cherokee Nation V. Georgia. It ruled that "The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is unlike that of any two people in existence." It established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority. While all of this was happening, The election of 1832 between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams was happening and the voters were introduced to mudslinging. Mudslinging is a form of promotion by tearing down your opponent. Mudslinging became big when Jackson initially lost the election so he continued to campaign due to suspicion of corruption. In this new campaign process he is rough & unpolished unlike Adams. Jackson tears down Adams. Jackson wins the reelection. These events are significant because the populations of Indigenous people decreased dramatically and eastern America was going through a very chaotic time. This relates to economics, migration and settlement, and politics and power.

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The Tariff of 1816 was the first protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry. There was also the Tariff of Abominations 1828 (also called the nullification crisis) was a tariff with high rates that set off tension between northerners and southerners (sectionalism/sectionalist). John C. Calhoun was a South Carolina political leader that defended slavery and advocated for the doctrine of nullification.  Sectionalist South Carolina cared more about the south and its own self interests during the nullification crisis. This matters because tensions rose between NC and SC which had an impact on slavery. This relates to Politics and power and culture.

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The panic of 1819 was a financial problem that started when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped. A few years after the Panic of 1819, there was the Panic of 1837. The panic of 1837 had another affect on the Second Bank of the US because of an economic collapse caused by Andrew Jackson's (who was incumbent) destruction of the Second Bank of the US. Andrew Jackson's constituents believed in greater rights for the common man. These Panics lead to a depression. While this was happening, something called Worcestor v. Georgia was occuring in 1832.This was a supreme court ruling that said that a state could not enforce laws on lands that weren't under state jurisdiction. This caused Georgia to not have the right to remove Indians. Andrew Jackson largely ignored this. Since Jackson chose to ignore this, judicial review had to step into place, which is the power of the supreme court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by congress. These events are significant because they were major economic crisis's to America along with some new perspectives on Andrew Jackson being made. This relates to economics and politics and power.

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The Oregon Treaty of 1846 was created because for years, the U.S. and England had conflict over ownership of the pacific Northwest. Therefore, they established a boundary at 49 degrees latitude, splitting Oregon country down the middle. This event was significant because it ended 28 years of joint occupancy of the Pacific Northwest. This relates to environment and geography.

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The temperance movement was the moderation or sometimes total abstinence of drinking alcohol. Women were mostly drawn to temperance during this. This was significant because it was a big movement that was trying to outlaw the production and consumption of alcohol. This relates to social structure and politics and power.

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President Polk's campaign had a slogan that said "Fifty-four Forty or fight" and it was a cry for the US to gain all of Oregon territory, even land claimed by the English. This is significant because the US gained control over Oregon and Polk got elected for president. This relates to politics and power and geography.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) & Gadsden Purchase (1853) 

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) & Gadsden Purchase (1853) 

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was when the Mexican Government gave up Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico since they were defeated in the Mexican-American War. Later in 1853, there was an agreement with Mexico called the Gadsden Purchase that gave the US parts of New Mexico and Arizona in exchange for $10 million. It completed the continental expansion for those who believed in Manifest destiny. Manifest destiny ended up leading to Ostend manifesto which was a declaration from Ostend, Belgium, the U.S. ministers of England, France, and Spain that said the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain didn't sell it to the U.S. This is significant because the US gained lots of new land that has carried on to present-day. This relates to geography and politics and power.

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The compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, opened Utah and New Mexico to popular sovereignty, ended slave trade in D.C., and introduced a fugitive slave law. It was opposed greatly in the North and South. There were many sectional political disputes over slavery in the Southwest during this time and Wilmot Proviso had a part to do with it. This is because he was an unsuccessful 1846 proposal to ban slavery in the territory that Mexico had. A major figure in the passing of this was Henry Clay who was known as the "Great Compromiser". John C. Calhoun greatly opposed this compromise and asked for slavery in the South to be left alone. This is significant because it made advancements in the abolishment of slavery/ended slave trade in some western states. This relates to America and the world and geography.

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Free soil party, republican party, & fire eaters (1854)

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Free soil party, republican party, & fire eaters (1854)

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The republican party was made by anti-slavery Whigs and democrats. The republican party in the south created three groups, and southern Democrats referred to one of the groups as Carpetbaggers, northerners who went immediately to the South after the Civil War. They referred to another group as scalawags, southerners who were working with the North to buy land from other southerners. There was also a nickname for the pro-confederacy Northerners, Copperheads. Free soilers from the Free-Soil Party and reformers from the Northwest met to keep slavery out of the territories. Another earlier anti-slavery party was the Liberty Party and they ended up merging with the free soil party in 1848. An opposing group was the fire eaters who were pro-slavery politicians from the South. Similar pro-slavery southerners eventually put out the Black Codes which restricted the rights of emancipated African Americans. There were also the redeemers who were largely former slave owners who did not like the republican program in the south. They wanted to redeem the south by taking back southern state governments. These parties are significant because they had different views on slavery which made the abolishment of slavery harder. These relate to social structures.

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Harper's Ferry & Uncle Tom's Cabin (1859)

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Harper's Ferry & Uncle Tom's Cabin (1859)

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Uncle Tom's Cabin was an anti-slavery novel written to punish the south. Someone that was very inspired by this novel was John Brown. John Brown went on to lead a raid on Harper's Ferry, hoping to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was defeated by citizens and troops. John Brown also created Bleeding Kansas, a sequence of violent events involving pro-slavery elements and it took place in the Kansas-Nebraska territory. Kansas was a major state at this time as many important events happened in it. The Lecompton constitution supported slavery and proposed protected rights of slaveholders, but Kansas rejected helping it become a free state. This is significant because it was a major step in the way northerners and southerners viewed slavery. This relates to social structures.

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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) and Election of Lincoln (1860)

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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) and Election of Lincoln (1860)

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The Dred Scott decision, where the Supreme Court decided that US Congress didn't have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territory, opened sectional divisions which left an opening for another party's candidate to win the election of 1860/election of Lincoln. Lincoln did not win the popular vote, but did win the election without any southern votes. After Lincoln's election, 11 slave states were withdrawaled from the Union due to secession. Lincoln also vetoed the Wade-Davis bill which was a bill pushed by congress that required half of a states voters take oath and allegiance & it demanded stronger safe guards for emancipation than in the ten percent plan. Before Lincoln's election, he challenged Stephen Douglas to the Lincoln-Douglas debates during the senatorial race of 1858. This became a public referendum of the issue of slavery. Lincoln did do a lot for the country like suspending the Habeas corpus, a petition that required law enforcement officers to give detained people to the court to examine the legality of the arrest. This is significant because the Dred Scott decision and Lincoln's election made many advancements in slavery and just the overall equality of the country. Lincoln did many many things to help the United States. This relates to politics & power and social structures.

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The Anaconda Plan was a plan by Winfield Scott and was a Union War Plan. It called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond and Mississippi River, and took an army through the heart of the south. This is important because it caused some chaos in the south and it isolated the south from the world. This relates to America and the world and environment & geography.

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The homestead act was a federal law giving sellers 160 acres of land for $30 as long as they lived on it for five years and gave it improvements like building a house. This helped give land to thousands of west moving settlers. This is significant because more land was given out to the people moving west and more people were settling. This relates to environment and geography and migration & settlement.

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Emancipation proclamation & Gettysburg address (1863)

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Emancipation proclamation & Gettysburg address (1863)

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The Emancipation Proclamation declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free. This did not affect the slaves in non-rebelling states. In the same year, Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address. This was a more heartfelt speech given by Lincoln about how the war was a means to uphold liberty. These both fought for equality. The issue of equality was finally being dealt with after many years of pro-slavery discussion like the Gag resolution, a rule passed in 1836 by southern Congressmen that prohibited the discussion of Slavery in the house of representatives. This is significant because both of these events helped lead to a more free/equal world. This relates to Social Structures, Politics, and National Identity.

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10% Reconstruction was introduced by Lincoln and it proposed that a state be readmitted to the union when ten percent of the voters pledged loyalty to the US and promised to honor the emancipation of slaves. During this the Radical Republicans, whose leader was Charles Sumner, planned to control the reconstruction process redistribute land, develop industry, and promise civil liberties for slaves. There was also the American Party during this, and they were a political party that carried anti-immigrant sentiments across the Catholic and Irish. This is significant because new ideas were coming out for the freedom of slaves and had a solid plan for helping people be anti-slavery. This connects to social structures.

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The Sand Creek Massacre was when US officials forced the Cheyenne warriors to give up claims that had been promised to them. Chief Black Kettle led Cheyenne warriors on many raids on mining camps and local settlements. US forces responded by surprising 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek. The massacre left 270 Natives, mainly women and children dead. This is significant because it changed the relationship of American Indian Tribes and the federal government. This relates to politics & power and environment & geography.

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Civil Rights Act and Freedman's Bureau (1865-1872)

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Civil Rights Act and Freedman's Bureau (1865-1872)

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The Freedman's Bureau was created to aid the newly freed slaves  by giving them clothes, food medical care, education, and legal support. During this time the civil rights acts of 1866 and the civil right acts of 1867 were happening. The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1867 connected to the Freedman's Bureau as it helped slaves gain freedom by giving citizenship to African Americans and by banning discrimination in public accommodations. This is important because these acts gave freed slaves gain much more citizenship and rights and it helped the U.S. push forwards towards the end of slavery. This relates to national identity, social structures, and economics.

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The Military Reconstruct act divided the south into five districts like in sectionalism/emergency powers/separation of powers, and put them under military rule/martial law. It also required Southern states to ratify the 14th amendment and guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions. In 1867 Seward's Folly was also a thing and it was William Seward's decision to purchase Alaskan territory from Russia. This is significant because while states were getting their powers separated, freedmen were gaining rights. This connects to politics and power, national identity and economics.

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The Compromise of 1877 withdrew federal soldiers from their position in the South appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the 1877 election. This ended reconstruction. After reconstruction, an agricultural system was created where black and white farmers rented land from a plantation owner in exchange for giving them a certain share of each years crop. This is significant because slavery was over after the civil war and the world was finally a bit more peaceful. This relates to America and the world & Social structures.

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Jane Addams was a pioneer settlement activist, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, Author, and women’s suffrage world peace leader. She created the whole house house which is a settlement house in Chicago Illinois. Jane Addams is significant because she was an activist for many movements which helped America as a whole. She relates to social structures and America and the world.

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The Gilded Age was in late 19th century from the 1870s to around the  early 1900s. "Gilded Age" came from Mark Twain's story, "The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today" which satirized social problems masked by economic progress. The Gilded Age was significant because it helped a lot with modern industrial economy. The Gilded age relates to economics.

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Social Darwinism was a term in late 19th century to describe the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists. Darwinism was socialist, so they believed in ownership of the major means of production of the whole community. Social Darwinism is significant because it has been used to justify racism in social any quality over the past century and a half. This relates to social structures and culture.

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Rebate is the return of a portion of the amount of money paid for goods. Rebating was common during the 19th century and was usually used by large industrialists. Another economic tactic was cooperative, where an organization for marketing would split the benefits between members. This is significant because it impacted the economy since it was a different pricing tactic. These  relate to economics.

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Lock out is the refusal by an employer to let employees work unless they agree to the employers terms. Lockout is important because it could lead to replacement of striking workers. It relates politics and power and Economics.

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The populist party was an agrarian-populist party that got support from angry South and West farmers. This worked on the left side of politics. The populist party was critical of capitalism and allied itself with the labor movement. This group is significant because they stood for many different topics in what they believed, they wanted to make a change. This relates to politics and social structures.

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Social Services was a number of public services provided by governmental organizations. They wanted to create organizations, create stronger communities, and promote equality. This includes the benefits of education, healthcare, and job training. Social Services was significant because they worked to create a better environment and give people more opportunities. This relates to economics and social structures.

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Consumer Culture was consumption choices that were created from a cultural and social perspective instead of an economic or psychological perspective. This is important because consumer culture changed the way many consumes bought and had affects on the economy. It relates to economy, sociable structures, and america and the world.

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This was a labor organization that was led by Terence versus Powderly. It organized lots of workers and it had lots of reform goals. Knights of labor is significant because this was the first labor organization in the U.S. and it relates to economics & politics and power.

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Was the first law limiting immigration based on race. It stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII. This is significant because like stated earlier, it ended Chinese immigration into the U.S. for a while. Chinese exclusion act relates to politics and power.

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The civil rights case of 1883 made segregation legal with regards to private property. This is significant because segregation was a huge problem for many Americans and later on there would be many movements to end segregation. This relates to politics and power.

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This was a standardized an exam for federal employees. Pendelton civil service acts also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause. This is important because it's awarded on a basis of merit instead of political affiliation. This relates to politics and power.

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The Gospel of wealth was an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. It describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the self made rich. it says that the rich should give their money to institutions that promote the poor to create better habits. The gospel about this important because Carnegie inspired generations to make a difference. This relates to social structures.

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The haymarket riot was a labor dispute that took place in Chicago. A bomb got thrown at police and it ended with many deaths. It led to a bad look at organized labor. This is important because it changed the way people saw organized labor, which changed it up in the future. It relates to national identity.

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Wabash versus Illinois declared state passed laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional. This was significant because as a result the court established power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. This relates to politics and power.

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This created the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers. It was the first legislation to regulate corporations.The ICC is important because it was ineffective because the government failed to enforce it. This relates to politics and power

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Dawes Act (1887) & Bureau of Indian Affairs & Americanization

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Dawes Act (1887) & Bureau of Indian Affairs & Americanization

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Dawes act was land that was given to Indians to help push them away from the tribal mindset. It encouraged Native Americans to farm for a living instead of just owning land. Similar to this was the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The bureau wanted to assimilate Native Americans to American culture through Americanization. This was significant in that it let the federal government break up trouble lands. It’s rights to politics and power.

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U.S. versus E.C. Knight Co. & sherman antitrust acts (1895)

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U.S. versus E.C. Knight Co. & sherman antitrust acts (1895)

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this was a due to interpretation of the Sherman antitrust act, which outlawed monopoly business practices.. The US score undermined do you sorority of federal government act against monopolies.This case was significant because it limited the federal governments power to take antitrust actions while under the Sherman antitrust act. This relates to politics and power.

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In 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson legalized segregation and publicly owned facilities and used to saying separate but equal as a reason. This is important because segregation was legalized which caused inequality in the country. This relates to social structures in politics and power.

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He was a democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party. He was a free silver advocate. He is significant because he was a dominant figure in the democratic party. Relates to politics and power.

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Free enterprise & Laissez-Faire economics (1800s)

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Free enterprise & Laissez-Faire economics (1800s)

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Free enterprise was an economic system that permitted unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity. This was associated with laissez-fairs capitalism. Laissez-fair was also economic and it stated that business & economy would run better with no government interference. Free enterprise was significant because it go freedom to regulation two businesses and individuals. it relates to economics, America & the world, and politics and power.

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trust was a set of companies managed by small small group and as trustees. They could prevent companies from competing against each other. this was significant because they wanted to reduce the number of competitors in a market and eliminate competition reducing profits. Trust relates to economy and social structures

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These were immigrants from the southern and eastern parts of Europe. They came to the U.S. in the later part of the nineteenth century. This is important because these immigrants became important forces in American life. This relates to migration and settlement.

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Anarchists believed that manipulative government was wrong morally. Anarchist’s or significant because day wanted the best for the United States government. This relates to politics and power.

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Tenement is a multi dwelling building that is usually overcrowded and low budget or poor. Tenements were important because many immigrants had to live in this housing in the 1800s. This relates to social structures.

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Despotism is a government that is ran by a tyrannical ruler. This is significant because it was another form of government. It was mainly used in Europe. Despotism relates to politics and power and America and the world.

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sweat shops were factories for the employees were forced to work many hours and under terrible conditions. The employees did not get paid enough for their work. This is significant because people were forced to work here and it was unfair oppression of many people. Sweat shops relate to economics and social structures.

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A tycoon was a wealthy business person who openly showed their power and position.One example of a tycoon was Andrew Carnegie. They were important in the gilded age and helped establish America as the richest and most productive country in the world. This relates to economics, politics and power, and social structures.

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Prohibition was the forbidding of the manufacture sale or consumption of liquor. This and the temperance movement had a lot in common. Prohibition is significant because americans were angry with this new law. This relates to politics and power.

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Filibuster utilizes the technique obstructing obstructing legislation by making long speeches and creating unimportant amendments. This is significant because it was applied to hold the Senate floor in order to prevent a vote on a bill. This relates to politics and power.

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To reserve is the portion of money that is held back from circulation of a bank. It provides a  backing for its loans. this is significant because it was created to provide a safer financial system. Reserve relates to economics.

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A lobbyist as a person that promotes an interest before a political body. Usually this is for pay. this is significant because lobbyists tried to influence government decisions on behalf of someone who hires them. Lobbyist relates to economics and politics and power.

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Concession is the privilege given by one government to another or by a government to private company or individual. This relates to politics and power.

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Vertical integration was a strategy that was used to help maximize profits by trying to own each step of the manufacturing process. Horizontal integration was a strategy that was used to maximize profits by trying to buy competing companies. This is significant because it benefits companies since it lets them control the process. This relates to econmics.

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Nation nation state was a political organization where the government coincides with a national territory. This is significant because people believe that through nation states physical boundaries and government or connected together. This relates to Environment and geography as well as politics and power.

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These were industrial lockouts that showed a battle between labor unions. It ended with the government  intervening on the big business side. This is significant because they wanted higher wages, and this was the best way of getting what they wanted. This relates to social structures.

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An unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power. It is sometimes called a shadow government. This rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that couldn't meet the needs of growing urban populations. One Political machine in New York is Tammany Hall. It is super well known for corruption. This is significant because these helped win elections by showing large numbers of voters. It relates to politics and power.

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The frontier thesis was a thesis that the west represented. It represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and a fresh restart. The frontier thesis is significant because it stated that the American western frontier was closed. This relates to environment and geography.

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After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. New South is important because the growth was actually slow but this was a shift from an Agrarian society to a more industrial developed one. This relates to economics.

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This movement involved grassroots movements that wanted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s. It tried to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit. This is significant because it was involved in the populist movement and and found ways to combat economic policies. This relates to economics.

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Social Gospel was a Protestant movement that preached that Christians should be concerned with immigrants & poor Americans. They thought hat Christians should try to help support the efforts to improve these people's lives, financially. This is significant because the followers of this movement truly wanted to do as much as possible to make the world a better place. It relates to social structures and culture.

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Women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Significance: Major change in the U.S. socially and politically. Women weren't able to vote for a long time until this. Relates to Politics and power.

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Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans. Significance: Usually advocated to save significant buildings, structures, or sites. Relates to social structures

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Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable. Significance: Helped in trying to cleanse the environment. relates to social structure

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A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. Significance: Has reduced socio-economic inequalities. relates to politics and power.

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A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state. Significance: emphasized separation of powers! relates to politics and power.

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The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. Significance: African Americans started to build a new place for themselves in public life. relates to migration & settlment.

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A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Significance: brought confrontation through cultures. relates to politics & power.

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A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. Significance: helped keep the U.S. out of international affairs for a while. Relates to social structures & politics.

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One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Significance: formally ended WWI. relates to America & the world.

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An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States. Significance: brought countries and people together. relates to politics & power.

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An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. Significance: A form of authoritarian that was characterized by the forced suppression of opposition. Relates to politics

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A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. Significance: refused individual opposition to the states decisions. Relates to politics

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Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II. Significance: wanted to promote mutual prosperity to those concerned. Relates to Politics & power.

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U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II. Significance: Formed as a defense against Axis Powers. Relates to politics and power.