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Vocabulary List

Longevity

Lifestyle

Centenarian

To set out

Demographer

Beyond

Life expectancy

To shed

Hotspot

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Costume
Fans
Dress up
Convention
Anime

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What is Cosplay? Terms and terminology explained - Alice in Cosplayland

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What is Cosplay? Terms and terminology explained Let's say you have gone to a convention for the first time. You see a lot of people wearing wigs and fancy dresses. Some of them are even dressed as your favourite character. They look like the character, they move like the character, they are the character.

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Synonym:

Deceptive advertising

Environmental Disinformation

False advertising

Antonym:

greenblusing

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VOCABULARY:

Shepherding

Out of Bounce

Boundary Lines

Full Forward

Full Back

Oval Field

Tackles

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Fundraiser

Couture designers

Hosts

Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion

The Garden of Time

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Well Below 2ºC

Net Zero

Raise ambitions

Climate finance

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addiction

caffeine

insomnia

alertness

dizziness

antioxidant

fatigue

heart failure

type 2 diabetes

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We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here's our process.

When people think of coffee, they usually think of its ability to provide an energy boost. However, according to some research, it can also offer some other important health benefits, such as a lower risk of liver cancer, type 2 diabetes, and heart failure.

Worldwide, experts estimate that people consume around 2.25 billion cups of coffee per day.

Researchers have looked at the benefits of drinking coffee for conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. There is evidence to support some, but not all, of these claims.

Coffee contains a number of useful nutrients, including riboflavin ( vitamin B-2), niacin (vitamin B-3), magnesium, potassium, and various phenolic compounds, or antioxidants. Some experts suggest that these and other ingredients in coffee can benefit the human body in various ways.

This article looks at the health benefits of drinking coffee, the evidence supporting those benefits, and the risks of drinking coffee.

The potential health benefits associated with drinking coffee include:

In the sections below, we cover these benefits in more detail.

1. Coffee and diabetes

Coffee may help protect against type 2 diabetes.

In 2014, researchers who gathered data on over 48,000 people found that those who increased their coffee consumption by at least one cup per day over 4 years had an 11% lower risk of type 2 diabetes than those who did not increase their intake.

A meta-analysis from 2017 concluded that people who drank four to six cups of either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee each day appeared to have a lower risk of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes.

2. Coffee and Parkinson's disease

Various studies have shown that caffeine, which is present in coffee and many other beverages, may help protect against Parkinson's disease.

One team concluded that men who drink over four cups of coffee per day might have a fivefold lower risk of Parkinson's than those who do not.

In addition, the caffeine in coffee may help control movement in people with Parkinson's, according to one 2012 study.

The findings of a 2017 meta-analysis suggested a link between coffee consumption and a lower risk of Parkinson's disease, even among people who smoke. This team also found that people who drink coffee may be less likely to experience depression and cognitive conditions such as Alzheimer's.

There was not enough evidence to prove that drinking decaffeinated coffee would help prevent Parkinson's disease, however.

3. Coffee and liver cancer

Italian researchers found that coffee consumption lowers the risk of liver cancer by around 40%. Some of the results suggest that people who drink three cups per day might have a 50% lower risk.

Also, a 2019 literature concluded that "coffee intake probably reduce the risk of liver cancer."

4. Coffee and other liver diseases

A meta-analysis from 2017 concluded that consuming any type of coffee appeared to reduce the risk of liver cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis.

People who consume coffee may also have a lower risk of gallstone disease.

In 2014, researchers looked at coffee consumption among people withprimary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). These are autoimmune conditions that affect the bile ducts in the liver.

They found that people with PSC were more likely to have a lower coffee intake than those without the condition. There was no evidence to suggest that coffee intake was different among people with or without PBC.

Also, one 2014 study suggested a link between coffee consumption and a lower risk of dying from nonviral hepatitis-related cirrhosis. The researchers suggested that drinking two or more cups of coffee every day might reduce the risk by 66%.

5. Coffee and heart health

One 2012 study concluded that drinking coffee in moderation, or consuming around two 8-ounce servings per day, may protect against heart failure.

People who drank moderate amounts of coffee each day had an 11% lower risk of heart failure than those who did not.

One 2017 meta-analysis found that caffeine consumption may have at least a small benefit for cardiovascular health, including blood pressure.

Some studies, however, found higher levels of blood lipids (fat) and cholesterol in people who consumed more coffee.

Does decaf coffee have benefits or risks? Learn more here.

Coffee is low in calories, but adding sugar and cream will change its nutritional value.

Regular black coffee (without milk or cream) is low in calories. In fact, a typical cup of black coffee only contains around 2 calories. However, adding cream or sugar will increase the calorific value.

Coffee beans also contain polyphenols, a type of antioxidant.

Antioxidants can help rid the body of free radicals, a type of waste product that the body naturally produces as a result of certain processes.

Free radicals are toxic and may cause inflammation. Scientists have found links between inflammation and various aspects of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes and obesity.

In 2018, some researchers suggested that the antioxidant content of coffee may offer protection from metabolic syndrome.

The author of one article from 2017 note that although scientists can prove that certain compounds are present in coffee beans, it remains unclear what happens to them once they enter the human body.

Drinking too much coffee can also have some adverse effects. In the sections below, we cover some of these risks.

Bone fractures

Some studies have found that women who drink a lot of coffee may have a higher risk of bone fractures.

Men with a higher coffee intake, on the other hand, appear to have a slightly lower risk.

Pregnancy

The researchers added that coffee consumption may not be safe during pregnancy. In fact, there is some evidence to suggest a link between high coffee consumption and pregnancy loss, a low birth weight, and preterm birth.

Endometriosis

There may be a higher risk of endometriosis among women who drink coffee, but there is not enough evidence to confirm such a link.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

People who drink a lot of coffee may have a slightly higher risk of this condition.

Anxiety

Consuming high amounts of caffeine may increase the risk of anxiety, especially among people with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder. Less commonly, it may trigger mania and psychosis in those who are susceptible.

Mental health

One from 2016 concluded that a high intake of caffeine during adolescence can lead to permanent changes in the brain.

The scientists behind the study expressed concern that this could increase the risk of anxiety-related conditions in adulthood.

Presence of toxic ingredients

In 2015, researchers found relatively high levels of mycotoxins in commercial coffee. Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can contaminate coffee as a natural product.

Some people worry that acrymalide, another chemical present in coffee, may be dangerous. Find out more here.

One meta-analysis from 2017 concluded that it is "generally safe" for most people to consume three to four cups of coffee per day, and that doing so may actually reduce the risk of certain health conditions.

The study authors warned, however, that smoking may cancel out any benefits of drinking coffee.

Caffeine is an important feature of coffee, but coffee contains many compounds, and there are different ways of drinking it. This makes it difficult to determine exactly how coffee affects a person and which components have which benefits and risks.

A person who wishes to derive health benefits from coffee should avoid exceeding the daily recommended intake and try to monitor the ingredients they add, such as sugar, cream, or flavorings, as these may not be healthful.

Pregnant women and those at risk of bone fractures may wish to avoid coffee.

If you want to buy coffee, then there is an excellent selection online.
Shop here for coffee beans Shop here for ground coffee Shop here for instant coffee

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Drinking coffee can do much more than provide an energy boost. Some scientific studies have suggested that coffee can also reduce the risk of several health issues. Learn more about the possible benefits of coffee, as well as some of the risks, here.

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The Coffee Expert: The Surprising Link Between Coffee & Your Mental Health! James Hoffmann

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We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here's our process.

When people think of coffee, they usually think of its ability to provide an energy boost. However, according to some research, it can also offer some other important health benefits, such as a lower risk of liver cancer, type 2 diabetes, and heart failure.

Worldwide, experts estimate that people consume around 2.25 billion cups of coffee per day.

Researchers have looked at the benefits of drinking coffee for conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. There is evidence to support some, but not all, of these claims.

Coffee contains a number of useful nutrients, including riboflavin ( vitamin B-2), niacin (vitamin B-3), magnesium, potassium, and various phenolic compounds, or antioxidants. Some experts suggest that these and other ingredients in coffee can benefit the human body in various ways.

This article looks at the health benefits of drinking coffee, the evidence supporting those benefits, and the risks of drinking coffee.

The potential health benefits associated with drinking coffee include:

In the sections below, we cover these benefits in more detail.

1. Coffee and diabetes

Coffee may help protect against type 2 diabetes.

In 2014, researchers who gathered data on over 48,000 people found that those who increased their coffee consumption by at least one cup per day over 4 years had an 11% lower risk of type 2 diabetes than those who did not increase their intake.

A meta-analysis from 2017 concluded that people who drank four to six cups of either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee each day appeared to have a lower risk of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes.

2. Coffee and Parkinson's disease

Various studies have shown that caffeine, which is present in coffee and many other beverages, may help protect against Parkinson's disease.

One team concluded that men who drink over four cups of coffee per day might have a fivefold lower risk of Parkinson's than those who do not.

In addition, the caffeine in coffee may help control movement in people with Parkinson's, according to one 2012 study.

The findings of a 2017 meta-analysis suggested a link between coffee consumption and a lower risk of Parkinson's disease, even among people who smoke. This team also found that people who drink coffee may be less likely to experience depression and cognitive conditions such as Alzheimer's.

There was not enough evidence to prove that drinking decaffeinated coffee would help prevent Parkinson's disease, however.

3. Coffee and liver cancer

Italian researchers found that coffee consumption lowers the risk of liver cancer by around 40%. Some of the results suggest that people who drink three cups per day might have a 50% lower risk.

Also, a 2019 literature concluded that "coffee intake probably reduce the risk of liver cancer."

4. Coffee and other liver diseases

A meta-analysis from 2017 concluded that consuming any type of coffee appeared to reduce the risk of liver cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis.

People who consume coffee may also have a lower risk of gallstone disease.

In 2014, researchers looked at coffee consumption among people withprimary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). These are autoimmune conditions that affect the bile ducts in the liver.

They found that people with PSC were more likely to have a lower coffee intake than those without the condition. There was no evidence to suggest that coffee intake was different among people with or without PBC.

Also, one 2014 study suggested a link between coffee consumption and a lower risk of dying from nonviral hepatitis-related cirrhosis. The researchers suggested that drinking two or more cups of coffee every day might reduce the risk by 66%.

5. Coffee and heart health

One 2012 study concluded that drinking coffee in moderation, or consuming around two 8-ounce servings per day, may protect against heart failure.

People who drank moderate amounts of coffee each day had an 11% lower risk of heart failure than those who did not.

One 2017 meta-analysis found that caffeine consumption may have at least a small benefit for cardiovascular health, including blood pressure.

Some studies, however, found higher levels of blood lipids (fat) and cholesterol in people who consumed more coffee.

Does decaf coffee have benefits or risks? Learn more here.

Coffee is low in calories, but adding sugar and cream will change its nutritional value.

Regular black coffee (without milk or cream) is low in calories. In fact, a typical cup of black coffee only contains around 2 calories. However, adding cream or sugar will increase the calorific value.

Coffee beans also contain polyphenols, a type of antioxidant.

Antioxidants can help rid the body of free radicals, a type of waste product that the body naturally produces as a result of certain processes.

Free radicals are toxic and may cause inflammation. Scientists have found links between inflammation and various aspects of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes and obesity.

In 2018, some researchers suggested that the antioxidant content of coffee may offer protection from metabolic syndrome.

The author of one article from 2017 note that although scientists can prove that certain compounds are present in coffee beans, it remains unclear what happens to them once they enter the human body.

Drinking too much coffee can also have some adverse effects. In the sections below, we cover some of these risks.

Bone fractures

Some studies have found that women who drink a lot of coffee may have a higher risk of bone fractures.

Men with a higher coffee intake, on the other hand, appear to have a slightly lower risk.

Pregnancy

The researchers added that coffee consumption may not be safe during pregnancy. In fact, there is some evidence to suggest a link between high coffee consumption and pregnancy loss, a low birth weight, and preterm birth.

Endometriosis

There may be a higher risk of endometriosis among women who drink coffee, but there is not enough evidence to confirm such a link.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

People who drink a lot of coffee may have a slightly higher risk of this condition.

Anxiety

Consuming high amounts of caffeine may increase the risk of anxiety, especially among people with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder. Less commonly, it may trigger mania and psychosis in those who are susceptible.

Mental health

One from 2016 concluded that a high intake of caffeine during adolescence can lead to permanent changes in the brain.

The scientists behind the study expressed concern that this could increase the risk of anxiety-related conditions in adulthood.

Presence of toxic ingredients

In 2015, researchers found relatively high levels of mycotoxins in commercial coffee. Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can contaminate coffee as a natural product.

Some people worry that acrymalide, another chemical present in coffee, may be dangerous. Find out more here.

One meta-analysis from 2017 concluded that it is "generally safe" for most people to consume three to four cups of coffee per day, and that doing so may actually reduce the risk of certain health conditions.

The study authors warned, however, that smoking may cancel out any benefits of drinking coffee.

Caffeine is an important feature of coffee, but coffee contains many compounds, and there are different ways of drinking it. This makes it difficult to determine exactly how coffee affects a person and which components have which benefits and risks.

A person who wishes to derive health benefits from coffee should avoid exceeding the daily recommended intake and try to monitor the ingredients they add, such as sugar, cream, or flavorings, as these may not be healthful.

Pregnant women and those at risk of bone fractures may wish to avoid coffee.

If you want to buy coffee, then there is an excellent selection online.
Shop here for coffee beans Shop here for ground coffee Shop here for instant coffee

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Drinking coffee can do much more than provide an energy boost. Some scientific studies have suggested that coffee can also reduce the risk of several health issues. Learn more about the possible benefits of coffee, as well as some of the risks, here.

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What is the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016.

Its overarching goal is to hold "the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels" and pursue efforts "to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels."

However, in recent years, world leaders have stressed the need to limit global warming to 1.5°C by the end of this century.

That's because the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates that crossing the 1.5°C threshold risks unleashing far more severe climate change impacts, including more frequent and severe droughts, heatwaves and rainfall.

To limit global warming to 1.5°C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030.

The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations together to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.

How does the Paris Agreement work?

Implementation of the Paris Agreement requires economic and social transformation, based on the best available science. The Paris Agreement works on a five-year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate action -- or, ratcheting up -- carried out by countries. Since 2020, countries have been submitting their national climate action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Each successive NDC is meant to reflect an increasingly higher degree of ambition compared to the previous version.

Recognizing that accelerated action is required to limit global warming to 1.5°C, the COP27 cover decision requests Parties to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their NDCs to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2023, taking into account different national circumstances.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

In their NDCs, countries communicate actions they will take to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement. Countries also communicate in their NDCs actions they will take to build resilience to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Long-Term Strategies

To better frame the efforts towards the long-term goal, the Paris Agreement invites countries to formulate and submit long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS).

LT-LEDS provide the long-term horizon to the NDCs. Unlike NDCs, they are not mandatory. Nevertheless, they place the NDCs into the context of countries' long-term planning and development priorities, providing a vision and direction for future development.

How are countries supporting one another?

The Paris Agreement provides a framework for financial, technical and capacity building support to those countries who need it.

Finance

The Paris Agreement reaffirms that developed countries should take the lead in providing financial assistance to countries that are less endowed and more vulnerable, while for the first time also encouraging voluntary contributions by other Parties. Climate finance is needed for mitigation, because large-scale investments are required to significantly reduce emissions. Climate finance is equally important for adaptation, as significant financial resources are needed to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the impacts of a changing climate.

Technology

The Paris Agreement speaks of the vision of fully realizing technology development and transfer for both improving resilience to climate change and reducing GHG emissions. It establishes a technology framework to provide overarching guidance to the well-functioning Technology Mechanism. The mechanism is accelerating technology development and transfer through its policy and implementation arms.

Capacity-Building

Not all developing countries have sufficient capacities to deal with many of the challenges brought by climate change. As a result, the Paris Agreement places great emphasis on climate-related capacity-building for developing countries and requests all developed countries to enhance support for capacity-building actions in developing countries.

How are we tracking progress?

With the Paris Agreement, countries established an enhanced transparency framework (ETF). Under ETF, starting in 2024, countries will report transparently on actions taken and progress in climate change mitigation, adaptation measures and support provided or received. It also provides for international procedures for the review of the submitted reports.

The information gathered through the ETF will feed into the Global stocktake which will assess the collective progress towards the long-term climate goals.

This will lead to recommendations for countries to set more ambitious plans in the next round.

What have we achieved so far?

Although climate change action needs to be massively increased to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, the years since its entry into force have already sparked low-carbon solutions and new markets. More and more countries, regions, cities and companies are establishing carbon neutrality targets. Zero-carbon solutions are becoming competitive across economic sectors representing 25% of emissions. This trend is most noticeable in the power and transport sectors and has created many new business opportunities for early movers.

By 2030, zero-carbon solutions could be competitive in sectors representing over 70% of global emissions.

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The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016.

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The Paris Agreement 2015

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What is the 'Paris Agreement', and how does it work?

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Greenwashing: the secret that some ‘eco-friendly’ brands don’t want you to know | CBC Kids News

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Maria Montessori

Education

Sensitive

Independence and autonomy

Observation

Mental development

Environment

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Montessori Education - Montessori Northwest

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What is Montessori? – Method, Toys & Environment Explained

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FINANCIAL FREEDOM

FIRE (Financial Independence, Retire Early)

Budget

Mortgage

Asset

Allowance

Authors:

Celia Rubio:"Hazlo bien con tu dinero"

Robert Kiyosaki "Rich Dad, Poor Dad".

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Characteristics!

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The secret of success

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What you should know about financial freedom?

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We often hear the term "financial freedom" being thrown around, but what does it really mean? Half of Americans say financial freedom means "having a comfortable lifestyle" and 54% say it means being debt-free, according to a recent survey by Empower.
Living Frugally: Adopting Lessons From the Great Depression
Read: 3 Things You Must Do When Your Savings Reach $50,000
To some, financial freedom is tied to a certain event or action: 29% said financial freedom meant owning a home and 28% said it was about being able to go on vacation when you wanted.

Regardless of how you define what it means to be financially free, it's important to consider what it means to you - so you can start making a plan to get there.
How To Get Free Money: 15 Proven Ways
What Is Financial Freedom?

Financial freedom is a state where you have complete control over your finances, allowing you to make choices based on your desires and goals rather than being limited by how much things cost.

It means having enough income or savings to cover your expenses, giving you the freedom to live life on your own terms.

While financial freedom can provide a sense of security and flexibility, it may not be necessary for everyone. Your personal circumstances, values, and priorities may differ from someone else's.

For example, some may find fulfillment in pursuing their passions rather than accumulating wealth. But even if financial freedom is not your ultimate goal, it is essential to establish a solid financial foundation that provides stability and protects against unexpected emergencies.

The Cost of Financial Freedom

Achieving financial freedom does come at a cost. It requires discipline, careful planning, and making smart financial decisions every single day. It may even involve sacrifices in the short term to ensure long-term financial stability. This includes:

Budgeting and saving: You need to be diligent about tracking your expenses, cutting unnecessary costs, and consistently saving a portion of your income.

Debt management: Managing and eliminating debt is crucial on the path to financial freedom. High-interest debts can hinder your progress, so it's essential to develop a repayment strategy and avoid accumulating further debt.

Investing and building passive income: Building wealth is essential for achieving financial independence. This may involve investing in stocks, real estate, or other income-generating assets.

Benefits of Financial Freedom

Financial freedom offers many advantages that extend beyond just building up your net worth.

Reduced stress: Being in control of your finances can alleviate the stress associated with living paycheck to paycheck or being bogged down by debt.

Flexibility: Financial freedom allows you to make choices based on what truly matters to you. It offers the flexibility to pursue your passions, spend time with loved ones, or contribute to causes you care about.

Peace of mind: Having a financial cushion provides a sense of security, allowing you to weather unexpected financial storms without huge consequences.

How To Reach Financial Freedom

Here are some practical steps you can take to pave your way toward financial independence.

1. Start by defining your financial goals. Identify what financial freedom means to you - whether it's retiring early, starting your own business, or traveling the world. Having clear goals will provide you with purpose, motivation, and a roadmap to follow.

2. Develop a realistic budget that outlines your income, expenses, and savings goals. Track your spending habits and identify areas where you can cut back. By living within your means and saving a portion of your income consistently, you'll gradually build wealth.

3. High-interest debt can be a significant barrier to financial freedom. Prioritize paying off your debts, starting with those carrying the highest interest rates. Consider consolidating your debts or negotiating lower interest rates to accelerate the repayment process. The sooner you become debt-free, the faster you can redirect those funds towards building your wealth.

4. Life is full of unexpected surprises, and having an emergency fund is crucial to safeguarding your financial freedom. Aim to save at least three to six months' worth of living expenses in a separate account. This fund will act as a safety net, providing peace of mind and preventing you from dipping into your investments or going into debt during challenging times.

5. While saving is essential, investing is where your money can truly grow. Educate yourself about different investment options, such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and mutual funds. Diversify your investments to minimize risk and aim for long-term growth.

6. Living frugally doesn't mean depriving yourself of everything you enjoy. It's about being mindful of your spending and making intentional choices. Differentiate between needs and wants, look for ways to save money on everyday expenses, and practice mindful spending. Small sacrifices today can lead to significant financial gains in the future.

Final Thought

Financial freedom is a personal goal that varies from person to person. While it may come at a cost - in terms of financial sacrifice and dedication - the advantages are often numerous. However, it's not the only path to a fulfilling life.

Each person should evaluate their own situation and aspirations to determine the role financial freedom plays in their overall sense of well-being.
More From GOBankingRates
This article originally appeared on GOBankingRates.com: What Is Financial Freedom, What Does It Cost and Do You Really Need To Have It?

The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.

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What Is Financial Freedom, What Does It Cost and Do You Really Need To Have It?

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We often hear the term "financial freedom" being thrown around, but what does it really mean? Half of Americans say financial freedom means "having a comfortable lifestyle" and 54% say it means being...

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The Rules of Australian (Aussie Rules) Football - EXPLAINED!

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United States Australian Football League

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What is Australian Rules Football?

Games usually start for the Premiership season in the last weekend of March, and continue through until the end of August. The Finals then start, culminating in the Grand Final on the last Saturday (Friday for the U.S.) in September.
A pre-season tournament (the NAB Cup) with the majority of games being played at night, is played from late February to the last week before the regular season begins. Exhibition games are sometimes played overseas between seasons.

Saturday afternoon is the traditional game time, but AFL games are played on Friday nights, Saturday afternoons and evenings and Sunday afternoons and evenings. Games are occasionally scheduled on Monday nights and on public holidays.
To watch AFL live from within the U.S., check out www.espn3.com. Back to Table of Contents

The team scoring the most points wins the game. The match is considered drawn if points are equal.
A game is divided into 4 quarters of 20 minutes playing time. Time is kept on the field by the umpires. When play is unduly delayed, such as the ball going out of the playing area, time is added on to the playing time of the quarter as it is in soccer. This is referred to as 'time on'. The teams change ends at the end of each quarter.

A maximum interval of minutes is allowed between the first and second quarters for the teams to change ends, and five minutes are allowed between the third and fourth quarters. Half-time is a maximum of 20 minutes long, with players being allowed to leave the ground for not more than 15 minutes.
Back to Table of Contents

Aussie Rules is played on cricket ovals; thus, there are no standard dimensions for a football field (usually called "ground" or "paddock"). The field should be an oval between 135 and 185 meters in length and 110 and 155 meters in width. (The Melbourne Cricket Ground is considered an ideal surface; its dimensions are 165m length by 135m width.) The boundary is marked with a white line drawn a few meters from the stands.
The goals are two sets of posts erected at the far ends of the oval. The inner set of posts is the goal posts, 6.4 meters (roughly 7 yards) apart on the boundary line, and at least 6 meters tall.

Two behind posts are set 6.4 meters from either side of the goal posts on the boundary line, and must be at least 3 meters tall. All posts must be padded to a height of 2 meters.

A goal square (actually a rectangle) extends 9 meters into the ground from the goal posts, and is 6.4 meters in width.

A radius is drawn on the oval 50 meters from each goal. This merely serves as a range finder; any AFL player should be able to kick a goal from this line, and perhaps beyond.

The center circle is marked at the precise center of the oval, 3 meters in diameter, bisected by a lateral line extending 2 meters either side of the diameter, and dividing the field in half. A center square is centered on this, 45 meters on each side. These markings control the conduct of center bounces, as will be seen later.
Back to Table of Contents

The ball is an oval bladder covered with leather, tanned for day use or colored visible yellow for night matches, and inflated to 69kPa (10 lbs) pressure. It is slightly larger and rounder than the American or Canadian ball, as it was not designed to be thrown.
Length 270 - 280 mm Diameter 167 - 173 mm Circumference - 720 - 735 mm by 545 - 555 mm Approximate weight - 450 - 500 grams (Dry weight inflated ball.)
Back to Table of Contents

A team consists of 18 players; three interchange players (substitutes) are allowed on the bench. Free substitutions are allowed at any time during the match, through a "gate" in front of either bench.
Players are deployed in five lines of three across the oval, with the remaining three assigned to the ball.

The players in each line are usually designated as being in either the left, center or right position in each line, relative to the direction of attack:

Full Forwards: Left Forward Pocket Full Forward Right Forward Pocket
Half Forwards: Left Half Forward Center Half Forward Right Half Forward
Center Line: Left Wing, Center, Right Wing
Half Backs: Left Half Back, Center Half Back, Right Half Back
Full Backs: Left Back Pocket, Full Back, Right Back Pocket

The three assigned to the ball are referred to as "followers." Their positions are referred to as Ruckman, Rover and Ruck-Rover.

Although the players have designated positions, they are free to move anywhere on the ground when play is in progress. There is no "goalie" in Aussie Rules.

Purposes of Player Positions

All players should contest the ball when its within their vicinity (unless playing to alternative coaching instructions). Other general purposes of player positions according to line are:
Full Forward: Attack the goal, Trap the ball in the area
Half Forward: Attack the goal, Set up scoring shots, Trap the ball further forward - then hold, Trap the ball in the area
Centre Line: Attack the goal, Set up scoring shots, Recover the ball from the backline, Trap the ball further forward - then hold, Trap the ball in the area
Half Back: Hold the ball in the area, Attack - clear ball forwards, Recover ball from backline
Full back: Hold the ball in the area, Attack - clear ball forwards

No padding is worn. Mouthguards, soft protective headgear and shin guards are permitted. Other protection or medical appliances require prior approval; generally, you can't play in a cast or heavy knee braces as you can in the NFL. Jewelry is prohibited as a health hazard.
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A ball kicked between the two larger goal posts without being touched is a goal and scores six points. The ball is returned to the center circle for a "ball-up."
If the ball passes between the behind posts by any other means, then it is a behind, and it scores 1 point. If the ball hits the goal post, a behind is scored. This is regardless of where the ball goes after hitting the goal post, e.g., back into the field of play, through the goals or whatever. If the ball is forced, or carried, but not kicked over the scoring line anywhere between the goal posts, a behind is scored. The ball is kicked back into play from within the goal square, usually by the opposing fullback.

If the ball hits a behind post without bouncing it is deemed "out on the full" and the opposing team takes a free kick from next to the behind post. If the ball bounces and hits the behind post then the ball is thrown into play again by the boundary umpire from next to the behind post (see (b) under " Starting and Restarting Play" below). In either case, no points are scored.

One thing that can be confusing is the score. You may see something like:

The first number (A) represents the amount of goals scored. The second number (B) is the amount of behinds scored. The third number (C) is the calculated score. For those who just love math.... A x 6 (goal points) + B = C
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Teams determine the initial choice of goal by coin toss. The field umpire starts play by blowing his whistle and bouncing the ball in the center circle so that it rebounds vertically to be contested by the players in the center square. If ground conditions won't allow the ball to bounce, the umpire simply tosses the ball into the air as if it were a "jump ball."
At a center bounce, no player may enter the center circle or cross the center line into the opponent's side of the ground, and only four players from each team are permitted in the center square, until after the ball has been bounced.

After a goal is scored, play is restarted in the center of the ground in the manner described above.

The other common situations when play is restarted are:

1. After a behind has scored. Any player of the defending team kicks the ball from within the kick-off 'square' in front of goal, but only after the goal umpire has finished waving his flags. The player must kick the ball out to restart play. You may observe, however, that there is no rule preventing him from kicking the ball to himself.

2. After the ball has gone out of bounds (outside the boundary line). If the ball bounced, then the boundary umpire restarts play by throwing it backwards over his head towards the center of the ground. If the ball did not bounce and went over the boundary line as a result of a kick that was not touched, it is "out on the full" (on the fly), and the opposing team receives a free-kick from the spot at which the ball went out. The closest player from the opposing team takes the free kick.

3. When a pack of players prevents either team from gaining clear possession, or a player being tackled or held fails to dispose of the ball ("holding the ball;" see "Possession" below). The umpire bounces the ball at the spot where play came to a halt.

Each quarter runs for 20 minutes of playing time -- when the ball is in play. The ball is considered out of play in the following situations:

1. A goal is scored. Time is stopped from when the goal umpire finishes waving his flags to when the ball is bounced.

2. A behind is scored. Time is stopped from when the goal umpire finishes waving his flag to when the ball is kicked in.

3. The ball goes out of bounds. Time is stopped from when the ball goes over the boundary line until the boundary umpire throws the ball back into play.

4. Whenever the field umpire signals to the time-keeper that time is to be stopped by raising his arm and blowing his whistle.

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A player may hold the ball for unlimited time when he is not being held by an opponent.

A player lying on or over the ball is considered to be in possession.

A player running with the ball must bounce the ball or touch it to the ground once every 15 meters. (The distance is usually not strictly enforced, especially if the runner is challenged.)

A player in possession of the ball and held by an opponent must dispose of the ball immediately by kicking or handballing the ball. (Tackling is permitted, but only between shoulders and knees.)

To handball correctly, a player must hold the ball in one hand and hit it with the clenched fist of the other hand. The hand holding must not move relative to the player's body. (Correct technique is sometimes more honored in the breach than in the observance.) Overhand passing is not permitted.

A mark is allowed when the ball is caught from a kick which has traveled a minimum distance of 10 meters, and the ball has traveled in the air without being touched by another player. (The ball usually doesn't have to be held for very long, especially in a physical marking contest; and yes, anything goes as long as both contestants are going for the ball.) The player taking the mark may play on immediately, or go back and kick over the position where he took the mark.
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Free kicks may be given against players either with or without the ball. A free kick is generally taken at the spot where the infringement occurred. (Exceptions see "Play On" and "Relayed Free Kicks" below.)
A free kick is given against the player in possession of the ball for the following infringements of the rules:

1. Not disposing of the ball within a reasonable time when held by an opponent.

2. Not disposing of the ball correctly by using a handball or a kick.

3. Kicking the ball over the boundary line without it bouncing first or being touched by another player.

4. Deliberately forcing or taking the ball over the boundary line.

5. Running more than 15 meters without bouncing the ball or touching the ball on the ground.

A free kick is given against any player who:

1. Grabs the opponent with the ball above the shoulder or below the knees.

2. Pushes an opponent in the back.

3. Trips or attempts to trip an opponent.

4. Charges an opponent.

5. Interferes with an opponent attempting to mark in the air by punching or bumping.

6. Shepherds an opponent when the ball is more than 5 meters away.

7. Enters the center square before the ball is bounced at the restart of play.

Following a free kick or mark, a 50 meter penalty is given against a player standing on the mark who:

1. Refuses to stand on the mark at the point indicated by the umpire.

2. Deliberately wastes time in returning the ball to the player who is to take the kick.

3. Holds the player who is to take the kick thereby preventing play continuing.

4. Runs over the mark before or as the ball is kicked. (Any player in the opposing team can give this penalty).

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What is Australian Rules Football? Where is Aussie Rules Played? When is the AFL Season Played? The Rules of Australian Football The Field The Ball Players and Positions Scoring Starting and Restarting Play Out of Bounds

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Loma Linda, California

Nicoya, Costa Rica

Sardinia, Italy

Ikaria, Greece

Okinawa, Japan

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Personalized Learning

Smart Content

Adaptive Learning

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Automation of Administrative Tasks

Information with erroneous algorithms

Replacement of Human Teachers

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AI's Impact on Education: Pros, Cons, and Coping

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With the advent of innovative technologies, the way we learn has changed significantly. The notable contributor to this change is Artificial Intelligence (AI) which has made education accessible and convenient to all. In this blog, we're going to explore the top 5 reasons AI is transforming the education sector.

Everybody today is hooked on technology and rightly so, as there are new innovations taking place often. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one such technology that is constantly evolving while, at the same time, causing transformations in various sectors, including education. But before we dive deep into the ways AI is transforming the education sector, let's understand what AI is and what role it enjoys in the education space.
What is AI?
By definition, AI is considered a computer science branch that stresses developing intelligent machines which think or work like humans. It can take in the information provided or from its surroundings, and respond based on its learning or what it senses. For instance, speech recognition, intelligent photo sensors present in today's smart camera phones, and automatic car parking features.

When it comes to education, AI is benefitting both the teachers and students alike. Today, AI's applications have literally taken education out of the physical classroom structure, letting students learn flexibly through their smart devices. On the other hand, AI is helping teachers save a lot of time by automating repetitive admin tasks so that they can focus more on students.
Future of AI and Education
The application areas of AI are only expected to grow in the future. According to analysts' research, the usage of AI in the U.S. education sector would increase by 47.77% between 2018 and 2022. It will have a presence everywhere, right from kindergarten to higher education.

Although the education system would have the irreplaceable presence of teachers, the use of AI with a blend of other technologies is bound to change the teachers' role and education practices.
The Top 5 Reasons AI is Transforming the Education System
A wave of change brought by AI is continuously transforming and broadening the education sphere across the globe in the following ways:
Personalized Learning
In the traditional education structure, it's virtually impossible to let each student in a class of 30-50 learn at their own pace. Also, students get less time to get their concepts clear from teachers due to fixed working hours. AI applications in education though, solve both these major issues efficiently.

Thanks to AI, students can get personalized learning programs that suit their learning speed and instructional approach. Moreover, the technology is constantly adaptive to respond to the changing needs and pace of the student.

There are already AI-based smart tutoring systems out there, such as Carnegie Learning, that offer learning and feedback to students along with testing them on their knowledge. Until the student is clear on a particular topic, the system doesn't redirect them to a new one, making learning easy and stress-free.
Smart Content
As we live in a "smart world" now, the education content must be smart, too. With AI, the possibility of smart content has become a reality.

There are robots now for producing high-quality, error-free digital content, matching up to the standards of content created by experts. Not only are textbooks getting digitized based on the conventional syllabus, but also customizable learning interfaces are being developed to cater to students irrespective of their age and academic grades. AI-powered smart virtual content including video conferences and digital lectures, is also shaping up a new era of learning.

Take the example of Cram101. It utilizes AI to summarize the textbook content in a way that it simplifies learning for students by including flashcards, practice tests, and apt chapter summaries.
Adaptive Learning
Tracking each student's progress levels in a conventional education system is a time-consuming, difficult, and tiring process. However, the applications of AI make it a breeze for teachers.

The AI technology allows teachers to keep an eye on the individual progress made by every student in the class, which in turn, enables teachers to offer them guidance accordingly. The progress levels reported by AI-powered systems are also more accurate as it constantly learns from the user, updating itself about the students' present knowledge standings.

As a result, it becomes possible to customize the learning tools so that the students can get the right assistance at the right time.
Universal Access
Gone are the days when one had to physically go to the school or college for acquiring education. In today's technological era, a smartphone/computer/laptop and an Internet connection is all you need to educate yourself. Artificial Intelligence has visibly removed the boundaries associated with traditional learning, one of the most significant achievements of AI.

Students of all age groups, from any corner of the world, can now receive the best quality education from any part of the world. On top of that, they can do so at a time convenient to them. There are recognized online courses from reputed educational institutions that land them a fulfilling professional career.
Automation of Administrative Tasks
A professor has to take out a large amount of his time in grading the students' homework, tests, and doing other administrative tasks. AI can help reduce that time by automating the activities.

AI is already in use to automate grading for multiple-choice tests. Now, the technology is being used to develop ways so that even essays and written answers can be assessed by the system. The assessment would be followed by valuable feedback to point students in the right direction. That way, professors would get more one-on-one time with students.

Apart from that, AI can also automate the otherwise lengthy procedure of document classification and processing, accelerating the admission process.
Conclusion
AI is becoming a boon for keen learners globally who are now no more confined to the old ways of education. At the same time, it is also encouraging institutions to embrace such newer technologies and upgrade to the advanced learning programs. AI is consistently bringing us an evolved education system with many more of its interesting applications for the sector lined up ahead.

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5 Reasons AI is Transforming the Education System - Legal Reader

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AI is a technology that is constantly evolving while, at the same time, causing transformations in various sectors, including education.