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1. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Harm Other People.

2. Thou Shalt Not Interfere With Other People’s Computer Work.

3. Thou Shalt Not Snoop Around In Other People’s Computer Files.

4. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Steal.

5. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Bear False Witness.

6. Thou Shalt Not Copy Or Use Proprietary Software For Which You have Not Paid.

7. Thou Shalt Not Use Other People’s Computer Resources Without Authorization Or Proper Compensation.

8. Thou Shalt Not Appropriate Other People’s Intellectual Output.

9. Thou Shalt Think About The Social Consequences Of The Program You Are Writing Or The System You Are Designing.

10. Thou Shalt Always Use A Computer In Ways That Insure Consideration And Respect For Your Fellow Humans.

(Computer Ethics Institute)

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Created by the Computer Ethics Institute See the

1. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Harm Other People.

2. Thou Shalt Not Interfere With Other Peoples Computer Work.

3. Thou Shalt Not Snoop Around In Other Peoples Computer Files.

4. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Steal.

5. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Bear False Witness.

6. Thou Shalt Not Copy Or Use Proprietary Software For Which You have Not Paid.

7. Thou Shalt Not Use Other Peoples Computer Resources Without Authorization Or Proper Compensation.

8. Thou Shalt Not Appropriate Other Peoples Intellectual Output.

9. Thou Shalt Think About The Social Consequences Of The Program You Are Writing Or The System You Are Designing.

10. Thou Shalt Always Use A Computer In Ways That Insure Consideration And Respect For Your Fellow Humans.

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics in PDF

The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics were first presented in Dr. Ramon C. Barquin's paper, "In Pursuit of a 'Ten Commandments' for Computer Ethics."
(Please Cite the Computer Ethics Institute if you quote us)

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Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsCreated by the Computer Ethics Institute(Please Cite the Computer Ethics Institute if you quote us)
1. Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Harm Other People. 2. Thou Shalt Not Interfere With Other People’s Computer Work. 3. Thou Shalt Not Snoop Around In Other People’…

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Copyright Infringement: Are You Stealing Intellectual Property?

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Copyright Infringement: Are You Stealing Intellectual Property?

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by Adam Uzialko (September 2019)

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Korrawin / Getty Images

Intellectual property includes copyrights, trademarks, patents and trade secrets.

Violations could cost thousands of dollars and even lead to criminal charges and jail time.

Avoiding intellectual property violations is a matter of due diligence and best practices around the use of third-party content.

Intellectual property (IP) rights are not always top of mind when you're trying to run a business. They are a serious matter, though, and failure to respect them could have financial consequences for your business, whether the violation was intentional or not. An IP violation could open your business up to lawsuits and potentially have a big price tag. Understanding what types of IP exist and how they are protected by the law is critical to avoid accidentally infringing upon someone else's rights.

It can be difficult to avoid IP infringement if you don't know what protections apply. Identifying the types of IP is the first step to avoid using that material improperly.

"The first step in protecting intellectual property is determining what the intellectual property actually is," said MaryAnne Armstrong, partner at law firm BSKB. "Is the intellectual property something that is best protected by a copyright, trademark, patent or trade secret?" [Read related article: What's the Difference Between Trademarks, Patents and Copyrights?]

These are the major types of IP protections one might encounter, Armstrong said:

Copyrights: Copyrights protect the rights to "original artistic works," including literature, drama, music, video, architecture and computer software.

Trademarks: Trademarks protect aspects of branding like words, phrases, and symbols that identify goods, services, and companies.

Patents: Patents cover inventions and protect the rights to that innovation for a predetermined amount of time. These include utility patents, design patents and plant patents.

Trade secrets: Trade secrets protect information of a proprietary nature, including formulas, programs and data. Trade secrets grant one party an economic advantage over competing interests.

Understanding these types of IP, how they differ and the material they could apply to will help you recognize protected material more easily. You should never use content that could be protected under any of these classifications without explicit permission from the owner.

Unfortunately, avoiding IP infringement is not always cut-and-dry. Entrepreneurs run the risk of violating the legal limits of IP rights in many ways, so it's important to consider this in every decision you make regarding the use of graphics, slogans and even particular product components.

"There are many ways that entrepreneurs could unknowingly infringe upon someone else's intellectual property, or leave themselves open," said Mary E. Juetten, founder of IP protection service provider Traklight.

One of the costliest IP mistakes entrepreneurs can make is using work they don't own the rights to, Juetten said. When you hire an outside source to create something for your business, ownership of the created work - graphics, written content, coding, websites, etc. - doesn't automatically transfer to your company. It needs to be explicitly stated in a contract that the creator gives their rights to that work to you.

Juetten gave the example of a web designer being hired to create a website for a company. If the work is done without a contract or with a contract that does not mention who owns the website files, IP issues can arise if the designer wants use the files they created for another purpose. IP theft can also occur with product development if the entrepreneur hasn't secured patents for the product.

"If patents are not all assigned to the company, there may be a risk that one [developer] can commercialize the product on their own," Juetten told Business News Daily.

It's not only graphics and other content that businesses have to worry about. Businesses can open themselves up to IP violations simply by hiring a new employee who relies on protected information in their work, said Eric Ostroff, partner at Miami-based law firm Meland Russin & Budwick.

"A new employee could bring trade secrets from his prior employer and use them for the benefit of his new company," Ostroff said. "It is important for companies to use the employee onboarding process to inform new employees that they are not permitted to use any intellectual property from their old employer. In certain circumstances, it is worth getting the new employee to represent in writing -sometimes in an employment agreement - that they do not have any other company or individual's intellectual property."

Whether copyright, trademark, patent law or trade secrets apply, protected material must remain unused unless you have explicit consent and the appropriate licenses from the owners. Anything short of that could land your business in hot water for IP infringement, which can have serious consequences.

Failure to respect IP rights can have steep consequences for businesses, including reputational and financial damage. Left unchecked, IP rights violations could even lead to criminal charges and jail time.

"The potential consequences of intellectual property infringement can be serious," said Robert Freund, an attorney focused on advertising and business litigation. "Depending on the nature of the violations, penalties may include civil damages in the dollar amount of damages and lost profits, an injunction to stop the infringement, payment of the attorneys' fees by the infringer, and felony charges with prison time."

Willful and repeated IP violations could result in the complete failure of a business and imprisonment of the violators. Accidental violations are costly as well, opening up a business to lawsuits and reputation damage.

Given the steep cost of violating IP rights, it's necessary to take the steps to verify that your business isn't improperly using protected content.

Freund said small businesses should begin by checking the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office database to ensure a brand or product name, logo, or design isn't already registered. Moreover, he suggested business owners take the following steps to avoid accidentally violating another person or business's IP rights:

1. Create original images or music in advertisements. Businesses can use in-house staff or freelancers to create original graphics, content, music and more for their marketing materials. When using freelancers, however, it's important to include a clause in the contract that states all rights to created material belong to the business. Otherwise, freelancers could conceivably register the material themselves and sue the business for IP infringement.

2. Obtain the appropriate licenses from copyright holders. If you do plan on using registered material, it's important to obtain the appropriate licenses and explicit, written consent from the owners of the content. Without license and consent, you should never consider using protected content.

3. Use royalty-free media. Royalty-free media is often available online and not subject to the same restrictions as other types of IP. Royalty-free media can generally be used freely without reprisal, though it is best practice to give credit to the creator wherever their content is used.

Finally, if you're in doubt about whether you're infringing on IP rights, it's wise to consult with a lawyer just to be safe. Never leave IP issues to chance; it's not worth the risk.

"Business owners who are unsure whether they are running afoul of intellectual property laws, or are facing the threat of litigation related to intellectual property, should speak with an attorney with expertise in this area," Freund said.
Additional reporting by Nicole Fallon. Some source interviews were conducted for a previous version of this article.

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Tips to Avoid Intellectual Property Infringement

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Intellectual property includes copyrights, trademarks, patents and trade secrets. Violations could cost thousands of dollars and even lead to criminal charges and jail time. Avoiding intellectual property violations is a matter of due diligence and best practices around the use of third-party content.

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World Health Organization

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As the world responds to the COVID-19 pandemic, we face the challenge of an overabundance of information related to the virus. Some of this information may be false and potentially harmful.

Inaccurate information spreads widely and at speed, making it more difficult for the public to identify verified facts and advice from trusted sources, such as their local health authority or WHO.

However, everyone can help to stop the spread. If you see content online that you believe to be false or misleading, you can report it to the hosting social media platform.

WHO works with the Government of the United Kingdom to tackle misinformation

In the context of the strategic partnership with the Government of the United Kingdom, WHO has joined forces with its communications teams to raise awareness of misinformation around COVID-19 and encourage individuals to report false or misleading content online.

This cooperation started with the joint Stop the Spread campaign in May-June 2020, which encouraged the use of trusted sources such as WHO and national health authorities for accurate COVID-19 information. The new phase of the joint campaign focuses on proactively identifying and reporting potentially wrong or misleading information, as part of WHO's efforts to address the spread of inaccurate and harmful information during the pandemic.

Learn more about inaccurate information on theWHO myth busters pages.

Visit our infodemiology pages to familiarize yourself with this emerging field of science.

Learn more about cyber security.

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As the world responds to the COVID-19 pandemic, we face the challenge of an overabundance of information related to the virus. Some of this information may be false and potentially harmful. However, everyone can help to stop the spread.

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The bullying stories and experiences and impact of young people cyberbullying

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The bullying stories and experiences and impact of young people cyberbullying

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AntiBullyingPro

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The bullying stories and experiences and impact of young people cyberbullying

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What could be done to reduce or eliminate such unethical behavior?

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What could be done to reduce or eliminate such unethical behavior?

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I think that schools should spend more time teaching about cyberbullying and its harmful effects. There should be repercussions for those who engage in cyberbullying to discourage others from following their lead.
It should be recognized that individuals sometimes make mistakes and rather than "canceling" them, we should educate them on their mistakes and give them opportunities to learn from them.

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By Sanam Yar and Jonah Engel Bromwich

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Tales From the Teenage Cancel Culture (Published 2019)

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What’s cancel culture really like? Ask a teenager. They know.

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Which of the Ten Ethical Computing Guidelines do students violate most often?

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Which of the Ten Ethical Computing Guidelines do students violate most often?

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I think that students most often violate commandment 10 of the Ethical Computing Guidelines: "Thou Shalt Always Use A Computer In Ways That Insure Consideration And Respect For Your Fellow Humans" (Computer Ethics Institute).

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I think that these violations occur because people use abusive language or spread false information about other people online. Students, of all ages, engage in various forms of cyberbullying in an attempt to fit in with their peers, or because they think it is funny. It is much easier to be hurtful and mean online than it is to someone's face.
Additionally, "cancel culture", referring to the online shaming of an individual, has become increasingly prevalent in today's world.

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Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it

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Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it

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UNICEF

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We brought together UNICEF specialists, international cyberbullying and child protection experts, and teamed up with Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and Twitter to answer some of the most common questions about online bullying and give advice on ways to deal with it.

What is cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is bullying with the use of digital technologies. It can take place on social media, messaging platforms, gaming platforms and mobile phones. It is repeated behaviour, aimed at scaring, angering or shaming those who are targeted. Examples include:

spreading lies about or posting embarrassing photos or videos of someone on social media

sending hurtful, abusive or threatening messages, images or videos via messaging platforms

impersonating someone and sending mean messages to others on their behalf or through fake accounts.

Face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying can often happen alongside each other. But cyberbullying leaves a digital footprint - a record that can prove useful and provide evidence to help stop the abuse.
If you are worried about your safety or something that has happened to you online, you can seek help by calling your national helpline. If your country does not have a helpline, please urgently speak to an adult you trust or seek professional support from trained and experienced carers.

1. Am I being bullied online? How do you tell the difference between a joke and bullying?

All friends joke around with each other, but sometimes it's hard to tell if someone is just having fun or trying to hurt you, especially online. Sometimes they'll laugh it off with a "just kidding," or "don't take it so seriously."

But if you feel hurt or think others are laughing at you instead of with you, then the joke has gone too far. If it continues even after you've asked the person to stop and you are still feeling upset about it, then this could be bullying.

And when the bullying takes place online, it can result in unwanted attention from a wide range of people including strangers. Wherever it may happen, if you are not happy about it, you should not have to stand for it.

Call it what you will - if you feel bad and it doesn't stop, then it's worth getting help. Stopping cyberbullying is not just about calling out bullies, it's also about recognizing that everyone deserves respect - online and in real life.

2. What are the effects of cyberbullying?

When bullying happens online it can feel as if you're being attacked everywhere, even inside your own home. It can seem like there's no escape. The effects can last a long time and affect a person in many ways:

Mentally - feeling upset, embarrassed, stupid, even afraid or angry

Emotionally - feeling ashamed or losing interest in the things you love

Physically - tired (loss of sleep), or experiencing symptoms like stomach aches and headaches

The feeling of being laughed at or harassed by others, can prevent people from speaking up or trying to deal with the problem. In extreme cases, cyberbullying can even lead to people taking their own lives.

Cyberbullying can affect us in many ways. But these can be overcome and people can regain their confidence and health.

3. How can cyberbullying affect my mental health?

When you experience cyberbullying you might start to feel ashamed, nervous, anxious and insecure about what people say or think about you. This can lead to withdrawing from friends and family, negative thoughts and self-talk, feeling guilty about things you did or did not do, or feeling that you are being judged negatively. Feeling lonely, overwhelmed, frequent headaches, nausea or stomachaches are also common.

You can lose your motivation to do the things that you usually enjoy doing and feel isolated from the people you love and trust. This can perpetuate negative feelings and thoughts which can adversely affect your mental health and well-being.

Skipping school is another common effect of cyberbullying and can affect the mental health of young people who turn to substances like alcohol and drugs or violent behaviour to deal with their psychological and physical pain. Talking to a friend, family member or school counsellor you trust can be a first step to getting help.

The effects of cyberbullying on mental health can vary depending on the medium through which it happens. For example, bullying via text messaging or through pictures or videos on social media platforms has proven to be very harmful for adolescents.

4. Who should I talk to if someone is bullying me online? Why is reporting important?

If you think you're being bullied, the first step is to seek help from someone you trust such as your parents, a close family member or another trusted adult.

In your school you can reach out to a counsellor, the sports coach or your favourite teacher - either online or in person.

And if you are not comfortable talking to someone you know, search for a helpline in your country to talk to a professional counsellor.

If the bullying is happening on a social platform, consider blocking the bully and formally reporting their behaviour on the platform itself. Social media companies are obligated to keep their users safe.

For bullying to stop, it needs to be identified and reporting it is key.

It can be helpful to collect evidence - text messages and screen shots of social media posts - to show what's been going on.

For bullying to stop, it needs to be identified and reporting it is key. It can also help to show the bully that their behaviour is unacceptable.

If you are in immediate danger, then you should contact the police or emergency services in your country.

5. I'm experiencing cyberbullying, but I'm afraid to talk to my parents about it. How can I approach them?

If you are experiencing cyberbullying, speaking to a trusted adult - someone you feel safe talking to - is one of the most important first steps you can take.

Talking to parents isn't easy for everyone. But there are things you can do to help the conversation. Choose a time to talk when you know you have their full attention. Explain how serious the problem is for you. Remember, they might not be as familiar with technology as you are, so you might need to help them to understand what's happening.

They might not have instant answers for you, but they are likely to want to help and together you can find a solution. Two heads are always better than one! If you are still unsure about what to do, consider reaching out to other trusted people. There are often more people who care about you and are willing to help than you might think!

6. How can I help my friends report a case of cyberbullying especially if they don't want to do it?

Anyone can become a victim of cyberbullying. If you see this happening to someone you know, try to offer support.

It is important to listen to your friend. Why don't they want to report being cyberbullied? How are they feeling? Let them know that they don't have to formally report anything, but it's crucial to talk to someone who might be able to help.

Anyone can become a victim of cyberbullying.

Remember, your friend may be feeling fragile. Be kind to them. Help them think through what they might say and to whom. Offer to go with them if they decide to report. Most importantly, remind them that you're there for them and you want to help.

If your friend still does not want to report the incident, then support them in finding a trusted adult who can help them deal with the situation. Remember that in certain situations the consequences of cyberbullying can be life threatening.

Doing nothing can leave the person feeling that everyone is against them or that nobody cares. Your words can make a difference.

7. How do we stop cyberbullying without giving up access to the Internet?

Being online has so many benefits. However, like many things in life, it comes with risks that you need to protect against.

If you experience cyberbullying, you may want to delete certain apps or stay offline for a while to give yourself time to recover. But getting off the Internet is not a long-term solution. You did nothing wrong, so why should you be disadvantaged? It may even send the bullies the wrong signal - encouraging their unacceptable behaviour.

We need to be thoughtful about what we share or say that may hurt others.

We all want cyberbullying to stop, which is one of the reasons reporting cyberbullying is so important. But creating the Internet we want goes beyond calling out bullying. We need to be thoughtful about what we share or say that may hurt others. We need to be kind to one another online and in real life. It's up to all of us!

8. How do I prevent my personal information from being used to manipulate or humiliate me on social media?

Think twice before posting or sharing anything on digital platforms - it may be online forever and could be used to harm you later. Don't give out personal details such as your address, telephone number or the name of your school.

Learn about the privacy settings of your favourite social media apps. Here are some actions you can take on many of them:

You can decide who can see your profile, send you direct messages or comment on your posts by adjusting your account privacy settings.

You can report hurtful comments, messages, photos and videos and request they be removed.

Besides 'unfriending', you can completely block people to stop them from seeing your profile or contacting you.

You can also choose to have comments by certain people to appear only to them without completely blocking them.

You can delete posts on your profile or hide them from specific people.

On most of your favourite social media, people aren't notified when you block, restrict or report them.

9. Is there a punishment for cyberbullying?

Most schools take bullying seriously and will take action against it. If you are being cyberbullied by other students, report it to your school.

People who are victims of any form of violence, including bullying and cyberbullying, have a right to justice and to have the offender held accountable.

Laws against bullying, particularly on cyberbullying, are relatively new and still do not exist everywhere. This is why many countries rely on other relevant laws, such as ones against harassment, to punish cyberbullies.

In countries that have specific laws on cyberbullying, online behaviour that deliberately causes serious emotional distress is seen as criminal activity. In some of these countries, victims of cyberbullying can seek protection, prohibit communication from a specified person and restrict the use of electronic devices used by that person for cyberbullying, temporarily or permanently.

However, it is important to remember that punishment is not always the most effective way to change the behaviour of bullies. Sometimes, focusing on repairing the harm and mending the relationship can be better.

10. Technology companies don't seem to care about online bullying and harassment. Are they being held responsible?

Technology companies are increasingly paying attention to the issue of online bullying.

Many of them are introducing ways to address it and better protect their users with new tools, guidance and ways to report online abuse.

But it is true that more is needed. Many young people experience cyberbullying every day. Some face extreme forms of online abuse. Some have taken their own lives as a result.

Technology companies have a responsibility to protect their users especially children and young people.

It is up to all of us to hold them accountable when they're not living up to these responsibilities.

11. Are there any online anti-bullying tools for children or young people?

Each social platform offers different tools (see available ones below) that allow you to restrict who can comment on or view your posts or who can connect automatically as a friend, and to report cases of bullying. Many of them involve simple steps to block, mute or report cyberbullying. We encourage you to explore them.

Social media companies also provide educational tools and guidance for children, parents and teachers to learn about risks and ways to stay safe online.

Also, the first line of defense against cyberbullying could be you. Think about where cyberbullying happens in your community and ways you can help - by raising your voice, calling out bullies, reaching out to trusted adults or by creating awareness of the issue. Even a simple act of kindness can go a long way.

The first line of defense against cyberbullying could be you.

If you are worried about your safety or something that has happened to you online, urgently speak to an adult you trust. Many countries have a special helpline you can call for free and talk to someone anonymously. Visit United for Global Mental Health to find help in your country.

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Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it

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What teens want to know about cyberbullying