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What measures intelligence?
"Traditionally been used to refer to performance on certain kinds of tests...often associated with success in school" (Lightbrown & Spada, 2013).
IQ tests that measure intelligence only measure certain kinds of intelligence. When it comes to language learning, IQ tests are not necessarily an accurate predictor of success. A higher IQ may predict better scores on written exams pertaining to grammar and vocabulary memorization, but may not have any positive or negative influence on oral communication skills in the target language.

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Instrumental motivation - language learning for immediate or practical goals
Integrative motivation - language learning for personal growth and cultural enrichment

Process-Oriented Model:

1. Choice motivation - getting started and goal setting

2. Executive motivation - carrying out necessary tasks to maintain motivation

3. Motivation retrospection - appraisal of/reaction to performance

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Contributing factors:

1. Identification and memorization of new sounds

2. Understanding functions of words in sentences

3. Figuring out grammatical rules

4. Remembering new words

Working memory - higher capacity is important in predicting success in language learning situations.

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Inhibition and risk taking

Anxiety

Willingness to communicate

1. How relaxed they are

2. How they feel about their abilities

Self-esteem

Empathy

Dominance

Talkativeness

Responsiveness

(Lightbrown & Spada, 2013)

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1. Teacher discourse - arousing curiosity and attention, promoting autonomy, stating communicative purpose/utility of activity

2. Participation structure - group work or pair work

3. Activity design - individual competition, team competition, intellectual challenge, tangible task product

4. Encouraging self praise, corrections

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Those who acquire a second language before entering puberty are far more likely to have native accent in the second language

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How do the members of the majority group view the language learner?
How does the learner view themselves within the majority group?