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Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

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The 2 dudes are
1. Sympathetic Nervous System
"Fright, Flight, or Fight"
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
"Rest & Digest"
Source: Powerpoints

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Neurotransmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous system vs Neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Neurotransmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous system vs Neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Lets start with the SNS!!!!!
-ACH ( Acetylcholine-Cholinergic)

Released at the ganglia of a presynaptic nerve ending

-NE (Norepinephrine-Adrenergic)

Synthesized from DA, & released at postganglionic nerve ending

-EPI (Epinephrine- Adrenergic)

produced by my adrenal medulla gland

-DA (Dopamine)

Precursor to NE

Depending on the dose, results may vary on the amount of receptors stimulated

Okay, now lets start with PNS....
-ACH ( Acetylcholine- Cholinergic)

Released at the ganglia of a presynaptic nerve ending

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Receptors of the Sympathetic/ Adrenergic Nervous system

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Receptors of the Sympathetic/ Adrenergic Nervous system

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1. alpha-1, found on glands, smooth muscle & eyes, plus most arteries & veins.
2. alpha-2, deals with our negative feedback loop & maintain BP.
3. beta-1, Location is the heart <3
4. beta-2, located on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus & skeletal muscle arteries, plus the coronary arteries.

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Receptors of the Parasympathetic/ Cholinergic Nervous System

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Receptors of the Parasympathetic/ Cholinergic Nervous System

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-Muscarinic

Located on cardiac, smooth muscle & glands

located at postganglionic nerve ending

-Nicotinic (Nn)

Located at ganglia of parasympathetic nerve & the sympathetic nerves at the synapse area

-Nicotinic (Nm)

located at the somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.

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End Organs Response of the Sympathetic Nervous System

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End Organs Response of the Sympathetic Nervous System

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Adrenal Medulla- release of Epinephrine

Arteries- Vasoconstriction( except coronary arteries & arteries to skeletal muscle)

Heart- Increase HR & AV conduction

Intestines( Like GI motility & secretions)-Goes down

Postganglionic Neurotransmitter-NE released

Pupil of the eye- Mydriasis

Respiratory Passage( lower part)- Bronchodilation

Urinary Bladder- Relaxation

Urinary Sphincter -Contraction

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End of Organ Response of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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End of Organ Response of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Adrenal Medulla- yeah....none

Arteries- Most are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves

Heart- HR goes down, & AV conduction, & there is a slight decrease in contractility

Intestines( GI motility & secretions)- Goes up

Postganglionic Neurotransmitter- ACH released

Pupil of the EYE-Miosis

Respiratory passages, lower-Bronchoconstriction

Urinary Bladder- Contraction

Urinary Sphincter- Relaxation

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Drug Classification of the Sympathetic Nervous System 

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Drug Classification of the Sympathetic Nervous System 

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Sympathomimetics: A drug that mimics the sympathetic system (Adrenergic & agonist)
1. Alpha 1- Adrenergic Agonist MOA: alpha 1 receptors are stimulated, the contraction of smooth muscle, plus blood vessels constricts (causing an increase in BP). Vasoconstriction of nasal passageways leading to a decongestant effect.
2. Adrenergic Agonist MOA: Stimulates all alpha & beta receptors.
Sympatholytic: drugs that block & work against the sympathetic system. (adrenergic blocking, blockers, inhibitors, & antagonist)
A. Alpha 1- Adrenergic blocking drugs MOA: bind to alpha 1 receptors and blocks them. Relaxes smooth muscle, & causes vasodilation, an increase in BP.
B. Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonist MOA:
-A LOW DOSE: stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys, causes vasodilation & increases renal blood.
-A MODERATE DOSE: stimulates beta-1 receptors on the heart to increase FOC & CO.
-A HIGH DOSE: stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasodilation to increase BP.
3. Selective Beta-2  Adrenergic Agonist MOA: stimulates beta 2 receptors. Relaxation of smooth muscle of the lungs causing bronchodilation, and the relation of the uterus too.
4. Non-Selective Beta- Adrenergic Blocking MOA: blocks beta 1 & beta 2 receptors. To decrease FOC, CO, HR, Conduction, & BP. (Can cause bronchodilation)

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Examples of Drugs: Sympathetic Nervous System

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Examples of Drugs: Sympathetic Nervous System

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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonist

ephedrine

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrinen®)

Adrenergic Agonist

epinephrine (Adrenaline®)

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker

prazosin (Minipress®)

Terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist

dobutamine

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist

formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventil®/ Ventoline®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

Beta Blocker Nonselective

nadolol (Corgard®)

propanol (Inderol®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

Beta Blocker Selective

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

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Drug Classifications of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Drug Classifications of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Parasympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the parasympathetic systems (agonists, cholinergics)
1. Direct- Acting Cholinergic Agonist MOA: Directly stimulate/ bind to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division and also mimics ACH.
2. Indirect- acting Cholineregic Agonist MOA: inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse & also increases ACH levels.
Parasympatholytics- Drugs that workagaisnt teh parasympathetic division (antagonist &anticholinergics)
1. Anticholinergics MOA: bind to cholinergic receptor & act as a blocking drug  & a competitive antagonist.

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Examples of Drugs in the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Examples of Drugs in the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist

acetylecholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine ®)

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergic

atropine