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Was the Age of Exploration a time of discovery or invasion? Respond below. 

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Was the Age of Exploration a time of discovery or invasion? Respond below. 

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The Age of Exploration was a time of invasion, more so than discovery. One reason it was a time of invasion is because the motives and causes which led much exploration to began was harmful. They were harmful and a sign of invasion as each motive and cause led to natives being in danger. An example would be how religion and god had caused many indigenous people that lived on the land conquered either had to convert to Christianity or be executed. Also if we take Christopher Columbus as an example he wasn't a motive or cause, but a person which landed in America. After he landed in the New World he interacted with many natives and in which many were taken as slaves. Another reason as in to why this part of history is considered as a period of invasion is because it was the time of Hernan Cortes and his men. Cortes was a Spanish conquistador that was not given any orders by Spain to go and seek for gold and glory, but still did so. While on his journey he had at first encountered 400 natives and in which he killed most of them, until they surrendered and gave him jewels and information that would lead him to the Aztecs. As he reached Tenochtitlan, the capital city of the Aztec empire he was mistaken for a god, in which he didn't want the people to figure out that he was not their god and for them to kick him out of the city. For this reason, he took the King of the Aztecs, Montezuma II hostage and tried to convert him to Christianity. Later after Cortes was back in the city he began killing hundreds of Aztecs, burning, and stealing anything which they could possibly find. The Aztecs fought for 80 days, but then surrendered and the land was eventually claimed by Spain and now Mexico City sits on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The last reason why it was era of invasion than discovery was due to how the other exploration known as the English and French Exploration had many of the same views as the Spanish. The English and French Exploration consisted of many times in which they were trying to install Christianity into the lives of the natives and really get them to convert their religion. As they were trying to change religions, this exploration, specifically the English also toke many valuable items from indigenous people such as gold, spices, jewels, etc and the ones which did not cooperate were harmed. They also only conquered land on which people who were not Christian lived, so natives. Natives were the ones which only got their homes taken away, but also the conquerors captured them if they refused any of the commands which the English or French explorer gave. Finally, for these reasons the Age of Exploration was a time of invasion.

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Something which I notice is that the English and French explorers are putting a cross on the land. For this reason, we can see that maybe their intensions are to convert others (Natives) into Christianity. This would be similar to the Spanish as they also tried converting the Aztecs, specifically Montezuma to Christianity. Also we can see that natives are handing over valuable items, so maybe these explorers did something similar to what the Spanish did with the 400 natives. The Spanish had got into a battel with 400 natives in which they killed most of them, so in the end the indigenous people gave up and gave Cortes jewels and information. For this reason, maybe we can conclude that maybe the natives that were represent in the English ad French Exploration had to also unwillingly give the explorers important items. Another thing we can see is that they are using ships to get to these areas, just like the conquistadors did.

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Before Hernan Cortes would arrive in Cuba in 1519, the Aztecs and their leader Montezuma II crossed many events, in which they felt a sense of coming danger. Many felt that it was a sign from their gods as a comet passed across their sky, the temple for the god of war was caught on fire, and the lake of Mexico flooded the city of Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Cortes and 500 men left Cuba in which they were refusing to listen to Spanish orders as they were looking for gold and glory. After traveling 120 miles, Cortes and his men had a fight with 400 natives in which many of the indigenous people were killed. The natives later capitulated to Cortes in which they gave him jewels and information that would help him encounter The Aztecs. Also before they set off on their journey, Cortes and his men burned their ships, so going back to where they started would be impossible.

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A positive effect of conquering land is that it allowed different religions, cultures, languages, and ideas to spread as well as empires to grow. Another positive effect of conquering land would be that many got to grow their knowledge of where places are located around the world. Also a negative effect of conquering land would be that it caused explorers to explorer unknown lands, which were owned by natives. This would have later led to wars between the native and explorers as the natives would have felt harmed by these invaders.

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Queen Elizabeth’s orders to Sir Walter Raleigh is that anyone who is not Christian, their land can take or conquer their land. Also her orders are trying to say that they are then free to enjoy that land and by that she means taking gold, spices, getting glory, etc. A connection that we could create is that how the Spanish wanted to conquer the Aztecs, so Montezuma's land is very similar to how Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth wanted to conquer the land that was owned by individuals which were not Christian. Another connection we can create is that both the Spanish as well as the English and French explorers wanted to get gold, glory, and claim land.

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On November 8, 1519, Cortes and his men saw the capital city of the Aztec empire and one that is home to about 100,000 citizens, Tenochtitlan and were amazed. Hernando Cortes said that it was built on a salt lake and that there were two leagues from the main part of the city to the mainland. There were four artificial causeways leading to the city and it is as big as Seville or Cordoba. Many of the main streets are on land, but others are small in which half are on land and half are canals. Every street has openings so water can pass from a canal to another one and some of them have bridges. Almost everywhere there are beautiful temples or houses for their gods. One of temples, the principal one is so amazing and great in size, that no one could describe it. Inside the districts that were surrounded by high walls, five hundred inhabitants could be built and inside the walls there were elegant quarters in which the Aztecs priests lived. There are forty towers, in which one had fifty steps that led to the main part of it and the highest is higher than the cathedral of Seville.

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A positive effect of god would be that religion was able to spread and made it possible for people to convert if they wanted to. The negative effect of god would be that many of the people living in the places Spain and Portuguese conquered were forced to change their religion to Christianity. Also this would a negative because if the people did not change their religion they were killed or harmed.

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We can come to see that a new disease is spreading in the New World and that it is affecting both the French as well as the native people. This would be similar to the Spanish as smallpox spread at rapid speeds in Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds of Aztecs and conquistadors. Also a difference between the Spanish and French is that the French are getting along with the natives and they are helping each other out. This would be different from the Spanish because they more so just had battles with the natives and killed many of those indigenous people. Also if the Spanish were offered medicine they would probably take it, but in the process as well take gold and jewels.

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The Aztecs led Cortes and his men to go met Montezuma, the king of the Aztecs. There Cortes gave the king exotic foods, jewelry, and gold. Before Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan, what he had done with the 400 natives was already known by many in the city. Everyone became very scared of the Spanish, but believed Cortes was a god, so treated him and his men well. Cortes felt that at one point they will figure out that he is not their god and will take him out of the city, so he took Montezuma hostage. While he had him hostage he asked for big amounts of jewels and gold. Also he tried to convert Montezuma to Christianity and started to take down the symbols of their gods from the greatest temple. This led to riots and in the end the Aztecs took Cortes and his men out of the city in March of 1520.

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The positive effect of gold is that someone which owned this metal is very wealthy. Also the people which owned gold usually were to have more power or say. A negative effect of gold would be that most which people owned came from the  natives that lived on the land which they conquered. This would be a negative as Spain or Portuguese would kill and destroy the natives as well as their civilizations, so they could receive gold.

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In this we can see that John Smith is hunting down natives and later on harming or possibly killing them. We can compare this to how the Spanish were killing hundreds of people in Tenochtitlan. Also we can connect this to when the conquistadors had a battle with 400 indigenous people and in which they killed many of them. Another connection we can create is like how John Smith is trying to capture natives, the Spanish kept Montezuma II hostage.

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In May of 1520 the Governor of Cuba Sent an arrest part led by Panphilo de Narvaez to bring back Cortes and his man after they had learned about the looting in Tenochtitlan. When Narvaez landed in Mexico he found Cortes on the shore in which later they had a battle that led Narvaez to lay dead in the sand. Cortes took Narvaez's soldiers and went back to Tenochtitlan, where they later killed hundreds of Aztecs, caused waste, looted, and pillaged. Montezuma was not able to do anything against the Spanish, so he left the city. The conquistadors went from one place to another burning and stealing. Also the Spanish had brought a disease with them, smallpox and it killed thousands. The Aztecs tried to save their city, but after 80 days of fighting, the Aztecs royalty gave up. As the Aztecs surrendered, Cortes patted the Aztec Generals head, so he could show that they submitted to Cortes and to show the Aztecs some disrespect. The Spanish caused damage and waste to the city and its temples. They later claimed the land for Spain and  created Mexico City on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

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A positive effect of glory would be that the more adventure that explorers seek the more fame they receive. Also as explorers adventure more it allows them to advance economically. The negative effect of glory is that many explorers only went out and tried finding land for glory. This caused many conquerors to eliminate anyone that came in there way because they just wanted fame for finding something valuable. Another thing is that this explorers never went out to explore so they could make friendships with the natives, instead to enslave them and kill.

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In this it seems like Jacques Cartier is installing religion, specifically Christianity into the New World. We can also make the inference that maybe Jacques Cartier is forcing the natives to listen of what he has to say about the religion. Also I believe that he is forcing them or has given them a threat because it looks like he is holding a sword towards the native people. For this reason, they might feel danger, so they are following what Cartier tells them to do. Another thing we could infer is that maybe the natives are around Cartier and the cross because they are confused about what is going on. Maybe they are trying to study who the man in front of them is and what he is pointing at. A inference about language could as well be made as they are probably having a hard time communicating and understanding one another. One connection that could be made between the Spanish and the French is that both are trying to implant the religion Christianity to the natives and maybe make them convert religions. I also was able to notice that one native was kneeling on the ground because maybe the French wanted to show that they are greater/better than the natives. A connection we could create between the Spanish and the French is that how the French made the natives kneel, so they could look greater is very similar to know Cortes patted the Aztec Generals head. This could be a connection because Cortes did that to show how the Aztecs surrendered, to make fun of how they are weak, and to show that the Spanish are better, just like the French did to make them look better as well.

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Did Cortes embody the human spirit of exploration and acquisition of knowledge?

No, Cortes did not embody the human spirit of exploration nor the acquisition of knowledge. One reason why he did not embody these human sprits is because he defied Spanish orders. He went against the orders as he and about 500 men in 1519 left Cuba to look for gold and glory. Another reason as in to why he doesn't as a person have these traits is because he slaughtered many natives, so he could seek information which would lead him to encounter the Aztecs. Also a reason for why he does not personify those spirits is because the Aztecs believed Cortes was a god in which he didn't not want anyone to figure out that it wasn't true and that he did not want to be taken out of the city. As for this he took Montezuma as hostage and tried to convert him to Christianity, instead of knowing more about the Aztecs religion. The last reason why he doesn't embody any of those ideas is because he did not come to Tenochtitlan to learn and explore, instead to burn, steal, bring waste, and claim land. We can know that he went there to do those things as he killed hundreds of the Aztecs in which they also burned and stole anything they found. They killed, but as well brought waste to the city and temples in which they later even claimed the land so they could create Mexico city on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan. Finally, for these reasons we can come to see that Cortes did not want to explore and grow his knowledge, instead get gold and glory.

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A positive effect of spices would be that it allowed different materials to be used and known by many places around the world. The negative effect of spices would be that many nations, such as Europe were cut off from spice trades. This later led many of these places to lose money as spices were more valuable than gold was.

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We can see that this journal entry has been written by an English man in which he is talking about these two Powhatan sons that have come aboard the ship to see if their sister Pocahontas is well. Also we can come to see that the brothers are surprised that her sister is happy and well because the father of Pocahontas or in other words the chief didn't think she would. An inference that I can make from this information is that the natives probably disapproved of the wedding as they probably believed that the explorers wouldn't treat her right. For this reason, they were amazed when they saw her so happy, safe, and well. Another thing we can see is that the English wanted to be friends with the natives, so they asked them to come aboard and then were entertained, so probably had a party. One thing that I noticed is that a difference between the Spanish and English is that the Spanish only wanted glory, fame and land, so it would have been very unlikely that they would have got married to the Aztecs. Also another difference between them is that the Spanish did not want to become friends with the natives, instead wanted their stuff, but the English wanted to become friends with the indigenous people.

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A positive effect of trade routes is that it allowed two different nations to exchange goods with each other, which they may not be able to find in their area. The negative effect of trade routes could be that they could allow different diseases to be brought to one nation. An example would be how the Europeans brought Smallpox with them when they were conquering land.

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Something positive about Henry the Navigator is that he challenged the idea of using portolan charts for navigation. This would a positive thing because this allowed the Portuguese to discover Azores in 1427 and Madeira Islands in 1419. A negative thing about Henry the Navigator is that he tried to map the coast of Africa, so he could stop Muslim Kingdoms from spreading in Africa.

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Were the English and French any different from the Spanish when they reached the New World?

The English and French were quite similar to the Spanish when they reached the New World. One reason why they are very similar is because as we can see from source one the English are trying to install Christianity into the lives of the natives right after they land, just like the Spanish did when they landed in the New World. Also we can see that many indigenous people are giving valuable recourses to the English. This would be very similar to the many few that survived out of the 400 natives because they gave Cortes information and jewels. Another reason what they are quite alike is because in source two we were able to see that Queen Elizabeth was allowing her men to take land and resources (Gold, spices, etc) from anyone that is not Christian. This would be very similar to the Spanish because they tried to find lost Christian land, but never took from those lands, instead they conquered land of the natives and took all their valuable items. Source four would also show how they are related with one another because it shows how John Smith tried to capture native people that got in his way, just like how Cortes kept Montezuma, King of the Aztecs hostage. The last way that shows how they are very comparable is source 5 because we can see that both Jacques Cartier and Hernan Cortes wanted to possibly make the natives convert to Christianity. We can know that Jacques Cartier wanted to do this as he was trying to explain to the natives what Christianity was by showing a cross. Spanish was as well trying to make others convert their religion as they tried to do so on Montezuma when they had him hostage. Finally, from these different pieces of information we can come to see that the English and French were not much different from the Spanish when they came to the New World, instead very alike.

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The positive thing about Christopher Columbus is how he was trying to find a trade route to Asia, but instead landed in America in 1492. A negative thing about him is that the natives which he found in America were taken by him to become slaves.

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Were these motives and causes for exploration harmless?

The motives and causes for exploration were harmful. One reason they were harmful is because as the Europeans (Portuguese) and the Spain continued with their explorations, it brought great amounts of danger to opposing groups of people. If we take a look at the motive of conquering land we can see that the land which is being explored is home to natives. This land is later taken away from them, leaving them either to change their religion to Christianity, becoming slaves, or being executed. Also many of the natives valuable items are taken from them, such as gold and as well given diseases from conquerors. The natives were impacted by these motives and causes, but so were Africans and Muslim Kingdoms. One of Prince Henry the Navigators motives or goals was to map the coast of Africa, so that the spread of Muslim Kingdoms in Africa could stop. The prince is not from Africa, instead from Portuguese, but still chose to make that decision. Also the only reason for why Henry the Navigator took this step was to help reduce the threat which the Muslim Kingdoms put on his nation, Portugal. In which this shows that many of the explorers were looking for ideas and things that only benefited them. Finally, for the ways these motives and causes have impacted different groups of people, I believe they were harmful.