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Named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, the Old World, and West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than decreased the world human population.

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In Europe the Columbian Exchange  caused population growth by bringing new crops from the Americas and started Europe's economic shift towards capitalism. Colonization disrupted ecosystems, bringing in new animals like pigs, while completely eliminating other animals like beavers.
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In Africa it caused mass migration, causing the population to grow rapidly and out of control causing African empires to topple. Also racism against slaves emerges.
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In Asia after the introduction to new diseases coming from the Americas the domestication of herd animals brought new diseases spread by cattle, sheep, pigs, and fowl.

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Several plants native to the Americas have spread around the world, including potatoes, maize, tomatoes, and tobacco. Before 1500, potatoes were not grown outside of South America.
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The exchange brought horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and other useful species to the Americas. Before Columbus, Native American societies in the high Andes had domesticated llamas and alpacas, but no other animals weighing more than 100 lbs.
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Europeans brought deadly viruses and bacteria, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera, for which Native Americans had no immunity. On their return home, European sailors brought syphilis to Europe.
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Deforestation was an important effect of the Columbian Exchange. Wood, from forests, was needed to heat smelters that separated iron ore. Also, deforestation was used to clear land that was needed for cash crops like sugar and tobacco that were heavily in demand. Also used the wood for ship building.
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Lumber was used from trees to run smelters that separated iron ore, they also needed to remove trees to make for massive plantations and trees were removed for spots to mine for precious metals.

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The Columbian Exchange had many positive and negative affects.
Some positive affects would be the increased food supply, with wheat, barley, and rye. Also all the new plants and animals that were introduced and created more food and ways to travel and get work done.
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Diseases were a huge negative impact. Diseases such as small pox and syphyllis were brought to the Americas by the Europeans and took out a large amount of the New World's population. While slavery had a bit of a positive light, it was also very much a negative thing.

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"Columbian Exchange." Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange. Accessed 16 Mar. 2021.
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"Columbian Exchange - Native American EC." Google Sites, sites.google.com/site/choppnativeamericanec/1400-s-1500-s/columbian-exchange. Accessed 17 Mar. 2021.

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"The Columbian Exchange (article)." Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/old-and-new-worlds-collide/a/the-columbian-exchange-ka. Accessed 16 Mar. 2021.
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"The Columbian Exchange: An Overview." Scholastic | Books for Kids | Parent & Teacher Resources‎, www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/columbian-exchange-overview/. Accessed 17 Mar. 2021.
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