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Definition:

The total number of ways to complete a process with multiple independent stages is the product of the number of choices at each stage.

Keyword: "And"

Formula:

Total Choices = m*n p ..........*1

m, n, p : Choices at Stage 1, 2, 3, etc.

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Definition:

For mutually exclusive events (cannot happen simultaneously), the total number of ways to perform either event is the sum of their individual ways. For non-mutually exclusive events, subtract the overlap.

Keyword: "Or"

Formulas:

Mutually Exclusive:

Total Ways = m + n

Non-Mutually Exclusive:

Total Ways} = m + n - Overlap

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Definition:

Calculate the number of desired outcomes by subtracting the number of unwanted outcomes from the total number of outcomes.

Logic Formula:

Desired Outcomes = Total Outcomes - Unwanted Outcomes

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Key Takeaways:

1 Use FCP for sequential "and" choices .

2 Use Rule of Sum for "or" choices .

3 Use Indirect Method when counting "not" cases is easier than direct counting.