# data[].attributes.body
We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us more about people and things:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.

We use:

who and whom for people
which for things
that for people or things.
relative clauses: defining and non-defining

defining relative clauses (giving essential information)

1 Harper Lee is the woman who (that) wrote To Kill a Mockingbird.

I'm looking for a book which (that) teaches you how to relax. That's the house where I was born.

2 Is Frank the man whose brother plays for Manchester United? It's a tree whose leaves change colour in autumn.

3 I've just had a text from the girl (who/that) I met on the

flight to Paris. This is the phone (which/that) I bought yesterday.

We use a defining relative clause (- a relative pronoun+ verb phrase) to give essential information about a person, place, or thing.

1 We use the relative pronoun who for people, which for things/ animals, and where for places.

• We can use that instead of who or which.

2 We use whose to mean 'of who' or 'of which'.

3 In some relative clauses, the verb after who, which, or that has a different subject, e.g. She's the girl who I met on the train (the subject of met is ). In these clauses, who, which, or that can be omitted.

She's the girl I met on the train.

⚫where and whose can never be omitted, NOT is that the woman dog barks?

We can't omit who/which/that/where if it's the same subject in both clauses. NOT Julio's the woman works in the office with me

non-defining relative clauses (giving extra non-essential Information)

This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth

millions of pounds.

10.1

Last week I visited my aunt Jane, who's nearly 90 years old. Burford, where my grandfather was born, is a beautiful little town.

My neighbour, whose son goes to my son's school, has just remarried,

We use a non-defining relative clause to give extra (often non-essential information) in a sentence. If this clause is omitted, the sentence still makes sense.

This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds.

Non-defining relative clauses must go between commas (or a comma and a full stop).

In these clauses, we can't leave out the relative pronoun

(who, which, etc.).

In these clauses, we can't use that instead of who/which

NOT This painting, that was painted in 1860-worth millions of pounds

Exercises:

a.1.who

2.where

3. which

4.who

5.whose

6.which

7.which

8.whose

9.where

10.who

11.who

12.where

c.1.This is the place, where John crashed his car

2.The castle that we visited yesterday, was amazing

3.Beijing, which is world’s one of the biggest cities, has population over 25million.

4.Adele’s 25, which was released in 2025, is one of the best-selling albums of the last ten years

5.There are the shoes, which I’m wearing to the wedding tomorrow

6.Sally and Joe, who got married last year are expecting their first baby

# data[].attributes.body
10B

1.I

2.E

3.A

4.F

5.C

6.H

7.K

8.D

9.B

10.J

b.1.doesn’t he?

2. do they?

3. is he?

4.weren’t you?

5. haven’t they?

6.was she?

7.didn’t she?

8.will he?

9. have you?

10.could they?

# data[].attributes.body
What are Quantifiers?

A quantifier is a word that usually goes before a noun to express the quantity of the object; for example, a little milk. Most quantifiers are followed by a noun, though it is also possible to use them without the noun when it is clear what we are referring to. For example,

Do you want some milk? – Just a little. (It’s clear that I mean ‘a little milk’.)

There are quantifiers to describe large quantities (a lot, much, many), small quantities (a little, a bit, a few) and undefined quantities (some, any). There are also quantifiers that express the idea of a sufficient amount (enough, plenty).

There are some quantifiers that have a similar meaning but differ because one is used with countable nouns and the other is used with uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are things that we can count; for example, a table, two chairs. Uncountable nouns are things that we cannot count and only have a singular form; for example, some furniture, some fruit.

Let’s start by looking at quantifiers that express large quantities.

Much, Many, A lot (of)

We use many, much, a lot (of) to refer to big quantities. We use ‘many’ with countable nouns and ‘much’ with uncountable nouns, and we can use ‘a lot (of)’ with both countable and uncountable nouns. In modern English it is very common to use ‘a lot (of)’ in affirmative sentences instead of ‘many’ and ‘much’.

Here are some examples:

There are many things to do today.

We have a lot of time left, don’t worry.

Many people take the train to work.

Much Italian wine is sold abroad.

She plays a lot of sport.

When we want to emphasize a really big quantity we can add ‘so’ in front of ‘many’ and ‘much’. For example:

There were so many passengers on the train, it was difficult to get off.

She had so much work to do, she stayed at the office until midnight.

A Few, A Little, A Bit (of)

To talk about small quantities we can use ‘a few’ and ‘a little’. We use ‘a few’ with countable nouns and ‘a little’ with uncountable nouns. It’s also possible to use ‘a bit’ with uncountable nouns, but it is more informal.

Here are some examples:

We need a few coins for the car park.

Would you like a little milk in your coffee?

They ate a few biscuits with their tea.

The engine needs a little oil.

When we want to refer to a small quantity with a negative sense, we use ‘few’ and ‘little’ without ‘a’. For example:

Few trains arrive on time. (A small number of trains arrive on train which is a bad thing.)

Little attention is given to the problem of parking. (A small amount of attention is given to this problem and it’s not good.)

Some, Any

When we want to refer to a plural noun or an uncountable noun, without giving a specific quantity, we use ‘some’ and ‘any’. We use ‘some’ in affirmatives and ‘any’ in questions and negatives.

Here are some more examples:

We have some free time later this afternoon.

She doesn’t want any coffee.

Do they need any bread?

I went to some meetings in Rome last week.

Will there be any managers at the party?

Enough, Plenty (of)

The words ‘enough’ and ‘plenty’ express the idea of being a sufficient quantity. Both words can go with countable and uncountable nouns. We use ‘plenty (of)’ to mean there is more than a sufficient quantity of something. For example:

I need more plates. – No, we don’t. There are plenty!

Slow down. We’ve got plenty of time to get to the station.

We use ‘enough’ to express the idea of having, or not having, a sufficient quantity. For example:

I think we have enough vegetables so I won’t buy any more.

But we don’t have enough fruit. Let’s get some more.

Questions about Quantity

When we want to ask the quantity of something, we use ‘how much’ or ‘how many’.

Here are some other examples:

How many times have you visited Rome?

How many people were at the meeting?

How many chairs do we need?

How much time have you got?

How much bread does he eat?

How much petrol shall I buy?

We also use ‘how much’ when we ask the cost of something. For example:

How much do these melons cost?

How much does this sofa cost?

How much are those gloves?

Exercises:
a.1. a few

2.much

3. enough

4. very few

5. a lot of

6. a lot

7.too

8. aren’t any

9. old enough

10. many

b. 1. Correct

2.Correct

3.Incorrect There is no time

4.Incorrect It’s too loud

5.Correct

6.Incorrect isn’t fast enough

7. Incorrect too many emails

8.Incorrect: none

9.Incorrect: there are only a few people

10.Correct

# data[].attributes.body
The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

if condition result
Past Perfectwould have + past participleIf  I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the Past Perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use would have + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.

Look at these example senteces:

if + condition + result
Past Perfectwould have + past participleIf | I had seen Mary, I would have told her.
If  Tara had been free yesterday, I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad.
If it had rained yesterday, would you have stayed at home?
If it had rained yesterday, what would you have done?resultifcondition
would have + past participle Past PerfectI would have told Mary  if  I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara  if  she had been free.
Their teacher would have been sad  if they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done  if  it had rained yesterday?

Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

a.1.I
2.F
3.H
4.E
5.A
6.J
7.B
8.G
9.C

b.1.hadn’t taken, would have missed
2. wouldn’t have won, hadn’t given
3. would have enjoyed, had come
4. hadn’t bought, would have been
5. would have forgotten, hadn’t reminded
6. had arrived, wouldn’t have caught
7. hadn’t lent, wouldn’t have been able
8. would have fallen, hadn’t caught
9. wouldn’t have found, hadn’t seen
10. had known, would have applied

# data[].attributes.body
Do you know how to report what somebody else said? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how we can tell someone what another person said.

direct speech: 'I love the Toy Story films,' she said.
indirect speech: She said she loved the Toy Story films.

direct speech: 'I worked as a waiter before becoming a chef,' he said.
indirect speech: He said he'd worked as a waiter before becoming a chef.

direct speech: 'I'll phone you tomorrow,' he said.
indirect speech: He said he'd phone me the next day.

Grammar explanation

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel.
indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect.

'I travel a lot in my job.'

Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

'The baby's sleeping!'

He told me the baby was sleeping.

'I've hurt my leg.'

She said she'd hurt her leg.

Past simple and past continuous

When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous.

'We lived in China for five years.'

She told me they'd lived in China for five years.

'It was raining all day.'

He told me it had been raining all day.

Past perfect

The past perfect doesn't change.

'I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.'

He said he'd tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

No backshift

If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. This might happen when the speaker has used a present tense.

'I go to the gym next to your house.'

Jenny told me that she goes to the gym next to my house. I'm thinking about going with her.

'I'm working in Italy for the next six months.'

He told me he's working in Italy for the next six months. Maybe I should visit him!

'I've broken my arm!'

She said she's broken her arm, so she won't be at work this week.

Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place

Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech.

'I enjoy working in my garden,' said Bob.

Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden.

'We played tennis for our school,' said Alina.

Alina told me they'd played tennis for their school.

However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don't change.

'I'm working on my thesis,' I said.

I told her that I was working on my thesis.

'We want our jobs back!' we said.

We said that we wanted our jobs back.

We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate.

'This is my house.'

He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.]

He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.]

'We like it here.'

She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.]

She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.]

'I'm planning to do it today.'

She told me she's planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.]

She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.]

In the same way, these changes to those, now changes to then, yesterday changes to the day before, tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before.

Exercises:

A1. He was selling all his books
2. she had booked the flights
3. that my new dress didn’t suit me
4. he might not be able to got to the party
5. she wouldn’t wear those shoes again

6. he didn’t buy me a present
7. that he couldn’t find anywhere to park

B1. when I was leaving
2. if he had ever been married
3. if he would be home early
4. where I usually bought my clothes
5. if he wore suit to the job interview
6.if she ever went to the theatre
7. if he could help her

# data[].attributes.body
What are Gerunds?

A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.

Spelling Tip

Verbing (Present Participle)

·       Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking

·       For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding

·       For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying

·       For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is stressed, double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging, begin > beginning. However: enter > entering (last syllable is not stressed)

Gerund Examples

Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject.
He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)

He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.)

Examples – Gerunds and Infinitives

She likes to get up early in the morning.

Alan can’t stand riding on trains.

Mr. Harris enjoys inviting people out to dinner.

In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals to fight.

As the famous saying goes, there’s no use crying over spilt milk.

A1. to spend
2. Applying
3. to do
4. to open
5. not to ask
6. went on working
7. solving
8. not going to work
9. modelling
10. to learn

B. 1. to retire
2. commuting
3. not to worry
4. to lock
5. not to buy
6. leave
7.wear
8. not to make
9. doing

# data[].attributes.body
In general we tend to use the active voice. That is when a subject does an action to an object.

1. Somebody stole my laptop. (subject = Somebody / action(verb) = stole / object = my laptop)

The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.

1. My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was stolen)

2. Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellent wines.

3. Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its excellent wines.

4. Passive: Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion.

5. Active: Someone killed twenty civilians in the bomb explosion.

The passive agent

When we know who the subject is, we put it at the end with by. We call this an agent.

1. Passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (agent =Leonardo Da Vinci )

2. Active: Leonaro Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.

Most writing instructors and editors recommend against using the passive voice, when possible. The reason for this is that when you use the active voice, your writing is clearer and less complicated.

1. Active: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, a police officer pulled him over and gave him a speeding ticket.

2. Passive: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, he was pulled over and given a ticket by a police officer.

If it’s a long sentence and you know who the subject is, it’s best to use the active voice.

The passive is often used to report something or to state a fact.

1. Highway 15 was closed yesterday due to a serious road accident.

2. A lot of corn is grown in Iowa.

Forming the passive voice

The passive voice is not a tense in English. Each tense has its own passive voice which is created by using a form of the auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past participle)

The passive voice in each tense:

Tense | Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past participle) | ExamplesPresent simple | am, is, are + made | Wine is made from grapes.
Many cars are made in Japan.
Present progressive | am, is, are + being + sent | The document is being sent right now.
I am being sent to work in the London office.
Past simple | was, were + invited | John was invited to speak at the conference.
We were invited to Daniel and Mary’s wedding.
Past progressive | was, were + being + washed | The dog was being washed when I got home.
Their cars were being washed while they were in the mall shopping.
Future (will) | will be + signed | The contract will be signed tomorrow.
The documents will all be signed by next week.
Future (going to) | am, is, are + going to be + built | A bridge is going to be built within the next two years.
New houses are going to be built in our neighborhood.
Present perfect | has, have + been + sold | That start-up has been sold for $5 million.
The rights to his book have been sold for $250,000.
Past perfect | had + been + hired | The new manager had been hired before John left the company.
All the employees had hired before the store opened.
Future perfect | will + have been + finished | The car will have been loaded by the time he gets home.
The crates will have been loaded by then.
Modals: can/could | can, could + be + issued | A passport can only be issued at the embassy.
He said the documents could be issued within the week.
Modal: have to | have to, has to, had to + be + arranged | A babysitter has to be arranged for this evening.
Joan’s travel plans have to be arranged by December.
Modal: must | must + be + stopped | Criminals must be stopped before they commit crimes.

All of the rules for passive negatives and questions are the same as for the active voice.

Note: Verbs that have no object (no one to “receive” the action) cannot be put into the passive, such as, arrive, come, die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur sleep, etc.

Exercises
1.are being made

2.inspired

3.hasn’t been inhabited

4.is set

5.will be shot

6.aren’t recording

7. wasn’t being used

8.has transformed

9.hadn’t owned

10. was taken

b.

1.were subtitled

2.was written

3.is being repaired

4. hasn’t been released yet

5.won’t be finished

6.have to be collected

7.hasn’t been told
8.was directed by Danielle Chazelle

9.The soundtrack has already been recorded

10. was being interviewed

# data[].attributes.body
Using modal verbs for certainty, probability, and deduction.

“Deduction” means using the information available to make a guess or draw a conclusion about the facts.

Depending on the information available, you might be more certain that your conclusion is true, or less certain that your conclusion is true – and we use different modal verbs to indicate the degree of certainty.
How certain are you? | Use these modal verbs:
100% – Completely or almost certain | must, can’t, couldn’t
80% – Expecting to be certain | should
50% – Maybe certain | might, may, could

Let’s look at some examples.

Modal Verbs For Certainty

CERTAINTY ABOUT THE PRESENT

When making deductions about the present, we use must if we are sure something is true and can’t if we are sure that something is impossible.

“He must be a chef.”

For example, if you see this guy, you can say:

He must be a chef.
(we are very certain, because of his uniform and what he is doing)

He can’t be a policeman.
(we are very certain he is NOT a policeman)

Carla works every day from 9 AM to 5 PM. Right now it’s 10:30 AM, so…

She must be at work.

She can’t be at home.

Examples:

He must be a vegetarian.He doesn't eat any meat

They must be in love. They went to honeymoon together last month

You studied all night. You must be exhausted.

That can't be right. You said it was a mistake

She must love her cat. She spends all day with her cat.

CERTAINTY ABOUT THE PAST

When we consider some present evidence and draw a reasonably certain conclusion about what happened in the past, we use must have and couldn’t have plus the past participle of the verb.

must have + past participle
when we draw the conclusion that something DID happen

Sheila got a tan. She must have spent a lot of time in the sun lately.

There was one banana left, but now it’s gone. My husband must have eaten it.

must not have + past participle
when we draw the conclusion that something did NOT happen

The car is still dirty. Paul must not have washed it yet.

He barely touched his lunch. He must not have been hungry.

couldn’t have + past participle
when we are certain that something was IMPOSSIBLE

Martha couldn’t have takenyour notebook; she wasn’t even in class yesterday.

The cookies are gone. But Eric couldn’t have reached the cookies on the top shelf; he must have asked his older brother to get them.

Can’t have is also possible, but it is much less common than couldn’t have.

Here’s an example that illustrates the difference between must not have and couldn’t have:

I don’t see the report here – she must not have printed it out.
(we draw the conclusion that she did not do it)

The printer’s been broken for the past week, so she couldn’t have printed out the report.
(we know it was IMPOSSIBLE for her to do it)

The thief must have gotten in through the window.

She must have been happy when she heard the good news.

He looks upset. He couldn't have liked whatever she just said.

“How was your presentation?”
“Great! It couldn't have been better!”

CERTAINTY ABOUT THE FUTURE

Making deductions about the future is the same as making predictions. As you learned in the lesson about future tenses, we can use will or going to for saying what we believe will happen in the future. When you are quite sure that your prediction is correct, you can also add the word definitely to emphasize your certainty:

She‘s definitely going to love this book – it’s by her favorite author.

The kids will definitely be thrilled when we tell them we’re going to Disney World.

Two slightly more formal expressions that can be used for talking about the future with certainty is saying that something is certain to happen, or is sure to happen:

Engineers are certain to develop even faster computers.

The country is sure to come to the aid of its ally.

Modal Verbs For Expectation

PRESENT/FUTURE EXPECTATION

When you expect something to happen (although you are not completely, 100% certain), you can use should/shouldn’t for the present or future:

Present:
I took my car to the mechanic yesterday and he said the problem would be fixed in a day – so my car should be ready by now.

Future:
Can you please type up these notes? It should only take about half an hour.

Present:
The weather is clear, so our flight shouldn’t be delayed.

Future:
I’ve written out all the instructions for this task step by step, so you shouldn’t run into any problems when you try to do it.

PAST EXPECTATION

For expectations about what was supposed to happen in the past, you can use should have and shouldn’t have plus the past participle:

I sent the package three weeks ago with express mail. They should have received it already.
= I expect that they have already received it

This car is brand new. It shouldn’t have broken down.
= I expected it NOT to break down

Because should/shouldn’t are also used for giving advice and recommendations, we can also use should have and shouldn’t have for evaluating things in the past and declaring them to have been right or wrong, good or bad:

Lindsay saw a woman who needed help, but did nothing.
“Lindsay, you should have helped her.”

I said something mean to my best friend during an argument.
“I shouldn’t have said that. It really hurt her feelings.”

Modal Verbs For Possibility

PRESENT/FUTURE POSSIBILITY

We can use may, might and could to talk about things that are possible in the present and future.

Present:

Where’s Fred? He’s not in his office.
He maybe in the bathroom… or he might be in the conference room.

Don’t eat that mushroom. It could be poisonous.

Future:

The weather forecast says it may rain tomorrow.

Your daughter is really smart. She could be very successful someday.

We might take a road trip this weekend.

Some people say that might is less certain than may, but in spoken English there is really no effective difference. It’s probably best to use might. The word may is less common, and we can only use could in the positive form, not the negative form, for talking about possibility:

Are you sure that’s a good idea?
The boss may not / might not like it when he finds out.
The boss could not like it when he finds out.

I may not /might not be the smartest person in the class, but I definitely work the hardest.
I could not be the smartest person in the class, but I definitely work the hardest.

PAST POSSIBILITY

When talking about past possibilities, we can use… might have / may have / could have + past participle (for positive possibilities) and might not have / may not have + past participle (for negative possibilities).

Positive Past Possibilities:

She’s not home. She might have gone to the store.

He may have misunderstood you when you talked to him yesterday.

The person who stole the documents could have been one of the employees.

Could have is usually used in unreal conditions – when we are imagining a possibility if something in the past had been different: “If we had started this project earlier, we could have finished on time.”

Negative Past Possibilities:

John’s not here. He might not have known about the meeting.

If she hasn’t called you back, she may not have listened to your voicemail yet.

Remember that couldn’t have is only used when we are certain that something is logically impossible in the past:

She couldn’t have taken the car; she doesn’t have a key.

Summary

Use must (present) and must have (past) when you are very certain that something is/was true

Use can’t (present) and couldn’t have (past) when you are very certain that something is/was impossible

Use should/shouldn’t (present) and should have / shouldn’t have (past) to talk about things you expect to be true, although you don’t have complete certainty

You can also use should have / shouldn’t have for judging actions in the past to be good or bad

Use might (most common), may, or could to talk about present and future possibilities

Use might have, may have, or could have to talk about past possibilities

For a possibility that something did NOT happen, use might not have and may not have

Exercises:
a.1.I
2.J
3.A

4.C

5.H

6.B

7.F

8.E

9. G

B.1.must

2.might not

3.must

4.can’t

5.might

6.must

7.might not

8.can’t

9.might

10.can’t

# data[].attributes.body
First conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc.

first conditional sentences: if + present simple, will/ won't + infinitive

1 If you work hard, you'll pass your exams:

The teacher won't be very pleased if we're late for class.

2 Come and see us next week if you have time.

3 Alison won't get into university unless she gets good grades. I won't go unless you go too.

The teacher won't be very pleased if we're late for class

We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible/ probable future situation and its consequence.

1 We use the present tense (NOT the future) after in first conditional sentences. NOT you work hard, you' pass all your exams

2 We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause

3 We can use unless + present simple instead of it....not in conditional sentences. Compare: Alison won't get into university if she doesn't get good grades.

future time clauses

We'll have dinner when your father gets home.

As soon as you get your exam results, call me. I won't go to bed until you come home.

I'll have a quick lunch before I leave.

After I finish university, I'll probably take a year off and travel.

• We use the present tense (NOT the future) after when, as soon as, until, before, and after to talk about the future
Exercise:    A1. will get

2.won’t mark

3. won’t be

4. doesn’t improve

5.hurry

6.don’t know

7. shouts

8.will finish

9.won’t go out

10.need

7.b

a.1.until

2.before

3.when

4.after

5.unless

6.as soon as

7.until

8.when

9.unless

10.before

# data[].attributes.body
Second conditional, choosing between conditionals

second conditional sentences: if + past simple, would/ wouldn't + infinitive

1 If I had a job, I'd get my own flat.

If David spoke good English, he could get a job in that new hotel.

I would get on better with my parents if I didn't live with them.

I wouldn't do that job unless they paid me a really good salary.

2 If your sister were here, she'd know what to do.

If it was warmer, we could have a swim.

3 If I were you, I'd buy a new computer.

• We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical/ imaginary present or future situation and its consequence. If I had a job... (I don't have a job, I'm imagining it)

1 We use the past simple after if and would/wouldn't + infinitive in the other clause.

• We can also use could instead of would in the other clause.

2 After if, we can use was or were with I, he, and she.

3 We often use second conditionals beginning If I were you, I'd... to give advice. We don't normally use If I was you...

Choosing between the first or second conditional

Using a first or second conditional usually depends on how probable you think it is that something will happen. If I have time, I'll help you. (- this is a real situation, it's possible that I'll have time - first conditional)

If I had time, I'd help you. (- this is a hypothetical / imaginary situation, I don't have time-second conditional)

would/wouldn't + infinitive

We also often use would/wouldn't + infinitive (without an if clause) when we talk about imaginary situations.

My ideal holiday would be a week in the Bahamas. I'd never buy a car as big as yours.

Exercises:
A
1.wouldn’t have to commute, worked
2.didn’t have, would get on
3.didn’t buy, were
4. Would we sell, offered
5.lived, would get divorced

6.Would you share, payed
7. cleaned, wouldn’t be
8. wouldn’t treat, loved
9. painted, would it look bigger?
10. wouldn’t buy, didn’t enjoy

B

1.would get up
2. will you live
3.won’t pass
4.was
5.didn’t have

6.sell

7.won’t get

8. would it be?

9. doesn’t find

10. wouldn’t complain