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The paleolithic era consists of cave paintings and small clay statues.
They were very nomadic and roamed where the animals roamed.

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The Neolithic era was when they started branching out to pottery and more intricate designs.
- Permanent settlements
- Domestication
In Jericho, they would bury their loved ones, wait for their body to disintegrate, then take the skull and use plaster and shell to make it look like the person who died.
- Help remember loved ones who passed on?
- Was it to make life feel less lonely?
Catal Huyuk, Turkey (7500 BC) they would walk on the roofs and climb down a ladder into their house/apartment. Probably also saved material and construction time. It is a great safety method.
All the art of this period is usually found in tombs so they must be somehow related to death.
Started the post and lintel method for marking tombs. Menhirs and Cromlechs. Used mortise and tenon to hold cromlechs together.
Stonehenge is a Cromlech. It was thought to be a celebration area for the summer and winter solstice. Thought to be used for death rituals. Thought to have healing powers.
What do we know about the prehistoric period for sure?
- Art was important to them.
- They knew what things meant and communicated to work together to create these amazing things.

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Mesomphalic phiale

Sumerians invented the wheel, writing, and other things that pull us out of the prehistoric eras. Cuneiform (c. 3000 BC) was the original form of writing.  Used cylinder seals to seal letters to make sure letters were not tampered with. They had the first temples known to man. They called them ziggurats (ca. 3500-3000 BC) which were made on mounds so that everyone can see them.  They made little statues that were thought to be used for religious purposes. Lapiz lazuli was considered to be more precious and more expensive than gold. Religion was more critical and more seen in this culture.
Akkadians banished the Hebrews from Mesopotamia (c. 2200 BC). They started using metal like bronze, showing us that they were more technologically advanced and held more power than Sumerians. Naram-Sin was considered a great king and ordained by the gods. He was also known to have great military victories. Ziggurats were still used for "temple worship" and religious purposes. They learned to fire the mud bricks so that the bricks were impervious to rain.
The second Sumerian reign had the leader Gudea who was thought to be more humble and thoughtful. Gudea was known for building temples and his "Righteous Laws".
Babylonians then came into power in 1700 BC. Hammurabi was then thought to be a righteous and divine ruler who established a law code thought to be given to Hammurabi by the god Shemesh.
The next group to rule over Mesopotamia was the Hittites. there are not many artifacts remaining from the rule of the Hittites.
Assyrians were the next to rule over Mesopotamia in 700 BC. They continued the use and construction of Ziggurats. They had statues of a creature called "Lamassu" which had the body of a winged bull and the face of a man. The Assyrians were also known for their relief carvings into plaques of stone telling stories of hunting and battles.
It is then seen that Babylon came to rise again with King Nebuchadnezzar (c. 600 BC). Nebuchadnezzar was known for his commissions of temples and monuments that displayed cuneiform writing stating his power. They started the use of glazed brick. It is believed that at the time of Nebuchadnezzar, the people believed in and worshiped multiple gods.
Persian (Iranian) Art c. 500 BC. Palace of Darius and Xerxes, Persepolis. The art that showed the power of the king was a lot more peaceful and regal way. The art was larger than that of the average human size. Cyrus the Great had the largest empire in History.

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Sculpture of Queen Nefertari.
They believed in an afterlife and would be judged in the afterlife on what they did in their life. Believed and worshiped multiple gods.
When Egypt was in its earliest stages, there were two different kingdoms of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. They had a very big duality and opposition and contrast. There were tomb paintings that believed in an afterlife and the power of gods and kings. The pharaoh's job was to unite the two kingdoms in whichever way he thought best.  The Pharoh Narmer was the one who united Egypt and ended the Predynastic period.
They had "Necropolis" which means city for the dead, which is like our cemeteries nowadays. They used Mestaba's which had a shaft that could take you down to the burial chamber to take care of the bodies. They were the beginning of the pyramid burial plan.
The Sphinx is thought to have the head of the Pharoh Khofre on the body of a lion and is believed to be a protector of the pyramids and people. Muslims tried to deface the sphinx, which is why it has no nose.
During the Middle Kingdom era (2000 BC) they carved out tombs in natural rocks.
In the New Kingdom era, they started making more hidden tombs so that people wouldn't loot and raid them. They also started building temples for the god's that you could also pay tribute to the kings. Hatshepsut was the first female Pharoh and was depicted with all of the qualities of a Pharoh.  Sunken relief carvings were becoming a more common art form. Ramesses was the Pharoh to have the most statues of himself.
Almost all artwork was made for the afterlife. Paintings were believed to contain everything that one might need in the afterlife. Bringing offerings to dead pharaohs was thought to help people have a good position in the afterlife.
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) and the Amarna Style (c. 1350 B.C.) Akhenaten said that there was only one god named Aten. Lots of priests lost their jobs because of this. He also changed the art style to be more curvilinear.
Tutankhamun was originally named Tutankhaten and the priests decided to manipulate the ten-year-old pharaoh. He died at the age of 19 and the priests did everything to cover it up and hide his body and tomb quickly, and it worked until 1922.

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Aegean art was very focused on sea life and ocean animals.
Cycladic culture (c. 2500-1700 B.C.) In the Cycladic culture, they had small figurines that were once painted. These were found in tombs and burials. Most of these figures were female. We still don't know what they were used for or represent to this day.
Minoan Culture (c. 1700-1200 B.C.) They had paintings that looks a little like a fresco but they aren't really. They had amazing palaces and believed in Minotaurs and other mythical beasts. We believe that they thought bulls were sacred. There were a lot of nature-based paintings/frescos.
Mycenean Culture (c. 1700-1200 B.C.) Thought to have taken over the Minoans around 1400 B.C. They were thought to be more war-like people. Their cities were surrounded by strongly fortified walls. Most walls were made out of a technique called corbelling which was thought to be built by a cyclops.
Post and Lentils were used to make doorways as well as corbelling. Cyclopean stone was used to make walls. They also had Ashlar masonry to make more sturdy buildings like tombs.
Bulls and lions continue to be prominent in their art.

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Libation scene. Janus-faced attic red-figure kantharos in the shape of satyr and female heads.
They had a theme of seeking perfection and were the ones to set the cannons and standards of beauty.
Geometric (c. 700 B.C) There were many different pottery types. The amphora was used for storing wine or oils and was thought to be the more feminine and reflected the female body, while the krater was a reflection of the male body. The Krater vase was used to mix water with wine. The Hydria was for retrieving water. The Lekythos was for holding ointments and precious liquids for burials. The kylix is a drinking vessel, as well as the skyphos and kantharos. The aryballos were for holding perfume. All of their pottery had lots of geometric shapes.
Archaic Style (c. 500 B.C.) Doric and Ionic styles of columns for temples. Kore figurines were made to represent maidens and ladies. The Kouros are male figurines much like the Kore except nude. They slowly worked on improving and gaining more naturalism with their figurines. They also painted more detailed scenes on their pottery.
The Classical Style (c. 400 B.C.) Controposto in statues was becoming more popular. They also had more realism, in fact, their entire goal was to be realistic and naturalistic. Statues were now carved out of marble more. A new canon for sculptures was created. They were 8 heads tall and had calm emotionless faces. The golden ratio was considered a fascinating relationship between art and math by the greeks and is still used today. They really valued democracy and order. Really started showing a great sense of space. They started using Caryatid which are columns made out of statues of people.
In the late classical period, they used flowers and foliage for capitals. There was a new cannon made for statues of people. They started showing more emotions on the faces of their statues. The first record of greek painting was mentioned. Some greek writers said that nothing could compare to the beauty of greek paintings.
Hellenistic period (c. 300 B.C.) Hellenistic art is all about drama. Theaters were now becoming more common and popular. They had found ways to have the best acoustics. Emotions and drama were more used in their statues. There were more portrayals of injuries. There were representations of people in their final moments of life. The goal of their artwork was more to tell a story now. A lot more details were used in their artwork. They started to depict people that weren't as ideal looking or composed. More depictions of older people and young children were shown and made. Pompeii was preserved from all the ash, so we have more artwork from Pompeii than we do of other places.

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The reclining woman represented on the lid wears a heavy torque necklace and holds a fan in her right hand. The frieze depicts two pairs of Greeks fighting Amazons, while the Etruscan death demon Vanth stands at the right.
The Etruscans were in Italy before the Romans. They were tremendous in trade and traded with many different civilizations.
We mostly know about the Etruscans from their graves and the Romans. Most roman things were inspired by things the Etruscans did.
The Etruscans were very wealthy from their trade work. Metalwork is actually one of the most popular forms of art that they used. Clay and Terracotta were also popular materials used.
The Etruscans believed that they could tell the future. They were very superstitious.
Much like the Egyptians, they believed that they had to prepare their dead for the afterlife. Because of this, we can see that they had very decadent tombs and burial grounds. They had tomb paintings like the Egyptians as well.
Much like the Greeks, the Etruscans would also feast in a more reclined position.
However, in Etruscan art, Women were shown participating in society and being more equal to men.
In 509 B.C. the Romans overthrow the Etruscans but do not kick them out.
Once the Romans took over the Italy area, Etruscan art began to have a slightly darker theme to them.

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The carefully styled hair on this young man resembles the short coiffure combed forward in undulating waves found on portraits of the emperor Domitian, who ruled from A.D. 81 to 96.
Republican Period 509-27 B.C.
509 - Threw out last Etruscan King
146 - Rome overthrows Greece
46 - Julius Ceaser became perpetual ruler and civil war
44 - Julius Ceaser assassinated
A mixture of Greek and Etruscan cultures inspired Roman temples.
Romans took a liking to the arch, barrel vault, groin vaults, and domes. These were inspired by corbelling arches but developed to be wider and last longer.
Romans perfected the use of concrete.
Romans loved to provide entertainment. They had many theaters and would occasionally have actual deaths in the play.
The statue of "Brutus" is actually two different statues put together.
The Romans made veristic portraits. Veristic means true to life. They were a way to show that you earned your position through hard work and experience.
Empire Period c. 25 B.C. - 200 A.D.
The colosseum was built to help people forget how terrible emperor Nero was and find entertainment. It is named the Colosseum because of the Colossus statue. The Colosseum was used for many forms of entertainment. Sometimes they would fight animals and other times they would execute prisoners or Christians. The Colosseum is made out of concrete.
The Romans were a syncretic society to help maintain order and control over the empire.
The Arch of Titus was made out of pieces from a Jewish temple that the Romans had pillaged. The Arch of Titus was built as a warning to the Jews to show them not to try and rebel against the Romans ever again.
Trajan was called the "Good Emperor". He would build many things for the people to show the benefits of war. He built up markets and a basilica and a temple for the people.
Pantheon means All gods. The pantheon was a temple dedicated to all the gods and all were allowed to worship there. They used the circle and the square in the measurements of the pantheon. They made it to be one of the most perfect buildings.
Hadrian was the roman emperor who idolized greek philosophers. He was also one of the first roman emperors to be shown with a beard. Hadrian built a long wall along the border of England and Scotland to help control his empire.
Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher. His statue of him on a horse was mistaken for emperor Constantine. That is the only reason that this bronze statue survived. The Roman Empire was one of the biggest empires both in territory and influence.
El Khasneh, Petra, Jordan, was believed to have some magnificent treasure hidden on the top. If you were to visit El Khasneh you would see bullet holes and foot holes from people trying to retrieve the said treasure.
August 24, 79 A.D. is when Mt. Vesuvius erupted and destroyed Pompeii. However, the ash preserved all of the tools and dishes that were used back in ancient roman times. From this, we can get a better glimpse of what Romans used in their daily lives.
Pompeii paintings: 1st style is making the regular stone look expensive. 2nd style makes the room feel more open like the walls are disappearing. 3rd style is just ornate and decorative. 4th style is combining all of the styles together.
Late Empire Period c. 300 A.D.
Emperor Caracalla was angry and messed up dude who killed his entire family because he thought they were plotting against him. He did make the Baths of Caracalla which held many amazing statues like the Farnese Hercules.

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Zhou Dynasty 1046 - 256 B.C.
Bronze work pottery was used for ceremonial purposes in a temple. Hidden abstract faces are called taotie masks. Had designs that symbolized power. Ceremonial works would have writing within them.
Han Dynasty 202 B.C. - 9 A.D.
Around the time of the Roman Empire. Really enjoyed telling stories and depicting the different worlds. They believed in a Heavenly Realm and an Underworld. Most of the art found in ancient china has been found in tombs. We can see that most of their art involves topics of the afterlife.
Tang Dynasty 618-650, 705-910 A.D.
Artists and Collectors would have a stamp to show that they put thought and care into the scrolls that were created and preserved. The use of handscrolls was popular. To use a handscroll you would roll up one side while unrolling the other side so you would view it similar to a movie.

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Christ and the Apostles in the Heavenly Jerusalem, apse mosaic.
250-400 A.D.
"New wine in Old bottles"
In early Christian times, they used the Chi Ro symbol to show that they were Christian without letting the roman prosecutors know. Christians would be put in the Colosseum to be killed by the Romans.
They wouldn't depict the symbol of the cross because it was a horrible thing that happened and no one wants to remember the terrible things that the Romans did to their savior.
The invention of catacombs for the dead. People would just be placed on shelves. If you were wealthy you could have a room for your whole family where each member gets a shelf.
The very earliest depictions of Christ are Him as the Good Shepherd, where he is young and beardless tending to the sheep. They would put the paintings of Christ in the catacombs to protect and guide the dead.
The prayer position was called Orante and it was them standing with their hands spread and held at a ninety-degree angle from their head.
They would depict Jonah as a symbol of resurrection and repentance.
Typology: The study of types of representation in iconography, particularly a study of the way in which figures and scenes from the Old Testament were thought to prefigure those found in the New Testament.
They would depict stories from the Bible in the catacombs.
They would use greek and roman statues to depict Christian art. So, statues of people from the greek and roman statues would be copied onto Christian sarcophagi' to tell stories from the bible. However, there was very little nudity in Christian art. The only nudity that was depicted was Adam and Eve.
Constantine legalized Christianity and commissioned a bunch of Christian churches. He was also baptized on his deathbed. Constantine commissioned Old St Peter's. The new layout for temples was made, modeled after a Roman Basilica. It was called a Martyrium. We only have drawings and blueprints of what it supposedly looked like before it was destroyed. Santa Sabina church looks like the many diagrams and drawings of what Old St Peters looked like. It also has the first possible depiction of Christ on the cross.
380 A.D. Christianity became the official religion of the empire.
395 A.D. A division of the church happens.
Mausoleums for saints and queens were common. The use of mosaics covered the walls and ceilings of the Mausoleums. The Nimbus Halo was now used to show the holiness of Christ and His Prophets.

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It depicts a youthful Christ the Redeemer sitting on the sphere of the world, flanked by San Vitale (who is being handed a martyr's crown), two angels, and Bishop Ecclesius, who founded the church.
"New wine in new bottles"
Byzantine art was from the western half of the church when it broke apart. This started in Ravenna under the rule of Justinian. Turning away from the use of pagan art influences. A whole new style of art begins.
Early Byzantine 330-750 A.D.
Justinian decides he wants to rule over the whole of the roman empire. Circular and Octogonal churches were becoming more common. Mosaics telling the stories of the Old Testament covered the walls and ceilings of the churches. Themes of sacrifice and offerings were very prominent in the mosaics. No more contrapposto or showing of the figure/body in general. Fully clothed and modest people. Gold became the heavenly and holy color.
Empress Theodora, the wife of Emperor Justinian, was the first women's rights activist. She made it legal for women to own property. Anything she said should happen, Justinian would listen. Their marriage is the first equal partnership in Roman and Christian times. Theodora was the brave one in the relationship and would not let the riots of the people scare her and take away her power. The first mix of the central church plan and the basilica plan was made in the Hagia Sophia, or "The church of Holy Wisdom".
There was a new style of capital for the columns that made it look less like it was for weight bearing to decorative.
Middle Byzantine Art c. 850-1204 A.D.
Icons were images of sacred people and were believed to contain some of the power of the person it was designed after. There came a point where that belief was so strong that people started praying to them. The priests and others who thought that people shouldn't keep icons started banning and destroying the icons. Because of this, we don't have a lot of the original works. People would take the paintings of icons and hide them in the Monastery of St Catherine on Mount Sinai in Egypt.
People would start depicting Christ as older with a beard. When the Iconphiles finally beat the Iconoclasts, they start making depictions of Christ more prominent and large. They would use typography to explain connections and to tell the stories of the bible.
St Marks Basilica and the Monreale Cathedral are wonderful examples of Byzantine art.
Late Byzantine Art c. 1261-1453 A.D.
Elongated noses and tiny hands and feet were becoming more of a prominent style. Jesus was depicted more as a tiny man than an actual baby. All the art was more abstract and stylized. Other than that, the art is similar to the rest of the Byzantine era.

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The Dome of the Rock, an Umayyad architectural masterpiece.
Equality of the Arts
The Five Pillars of Islam:
The Shahada: There is only one God and they only worship Him.
Salat: Praying five times a day facing towards Mecca.
Zakat: Donating a portion of earnings to the poor.
Suam: Fasting during Ramadan the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, no eating during the daylight.
Hajj: A pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime.
The Angel Gabriel came to Muhammad and commands him to start writing a scripture, the Karan.
Islam: Submission to God's will. It is very similar to Israel: let God prevail. Muslims also believe in the resurrection like us.
They also liked a lot of gold and tesserae. Buildings are slightly modeled after the Byzantine style. However, they don't have any images of their prophets. They take the "no graven images" very seriously. They would not decorate their buildings or anything with living creatures. That was God's work. Instead, they would decorate with stories and scriptures of their God.
In Islamic Mosques, they have a Kibla wall that has a Mihrab to point the direction towards Mecca.
Pointed arches and Horseshoe arches with voussoirs were popular and used in Islamic architecture. They would put their writing in their works. They would have their best handwriting to make it just as beautiful as any pattern.
They had a Carved Stone Grille that is similar to Celtic Knots.
They had Madrasa which are like colleges and schools. They would also elaborately decorate these with precious mosaic stones of blue and gold.
Their influence had reached as far as Spain.
In their palace buildings used carving and drill work to make the stone that they used look weightless and decorative.
Their "Persian" rugs were made out of knots instead of weaving.
Mughal Empire 1529-185
The Taj Mahal was made as a tomb for the favorite wife of Shah Jahan. It was made to look like what paradise is supposed to look like.

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The Presentation in the Temple by Ambrogio Lorenzetti

North and South

Anglo-Saxon 600 A.D.
They hid some of their valuables in what we now call burial sites. One of these "treasures" was a gold buckle that looked like it has interweaving, but if you look closer it looks more like birds and snakes intertwined. There are imprints of ships and some empty purses. People didn't know or believe that there were societal or sophisticated cultures in the united kingdom area before the Vikings for a long time. We aren't entirely sure if they believed in Christianity.

Hiberno-Saxon 700 A.D.
They do not use any greek or roman influence in their designs. They seemed to be a more isolated people with many monasteries. Christianity is definitely shown in this culture. They use a more abstract style and had no intention or desire to capture the human body. They really liked the thought of infinity with everything connecting and looping. So, heads biting tails. They really liked Illuminated Manuscripts, which are decorated books that were written and designed completely by hand. Artists for these books were called miniaturists. Pages with just designs and no words are called "carpet pages" or "cross pages". Colors are very vibrant and present in all the designs.
As years go on we can see that the style they used for the human body changed and developed some roman influence. The depictions of people change a little more to look more like our playing cards. They would represent the saints as such: Matthew-Man, Mark-Lion, Luke-Ox, and John-Eagle. All were depicted with wings.

Viking 800 A.D.
There have been some burial ships that were preserved because they were frozen. We know they are burial ships because we found the bodies of two important women in them. We have some wooden posts with intricate designs and animal heads on the end of them.

Carolingian 800 A.D.
Charlemagne - Carolus Magnus - Charles the Great
Charlemagne was crowned "Holy Roman Emperor" by the pope in the year 800 A.D. Charlemagne started the first public school system and wanted everyone to learn and grow their knowledge. Charlemagne never learned how to read even though he tried. Their depiction of men and people is more stylized but you can still take notice of their figures. They started to use shadows again and have more roman influence in them. They had a more simplified background but detailed and slightly abstract figure subjects. They would have decadent and extravagantly decorated covers of gospel books. They used Repousse which is human depictions of people that have been hammered into metal from the underside of the metal. Anatomy wasn't always correct but the drapery was always intricate. The design of the Westwork, abbey church began to be a more common form of Architecture.

Ottonian 1000 A.D.
After the grandsons of Charlemagne split the kingdom into thirds, Otto conquered and became the emperor. He also built many churches and commissioned St. Michael's in Hildesheim, Germany. Otto found bronze doors from roman times and wanted his churches to have the same. He did his best to revive the ancient ways of wax casting and bronze work. The doors had multiple panels that showed many stories from the old and new Testaments in the bible. Their figures and subject matter were very expressive and emotional like in the Hellenistic greek period. They show a real understanding of the connections between the stories of the bible.

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The study of medieval art began in earnest in the decades following the iconoclasm of the French Revolution.

Romanesque means Roman-like. So, it is not anything you would see during roman times, but it is heavily influenced by the roman art style. Mostly the architecture.

They're going back to the use of barrel vaults and arches. They would use cut stone so that the churches won't rot or burn. The churches were more sturdy. The barrel vault made the acoustics amazing. The barrel vault cathedral is a stronger type of construction so they could build taller and bigger. However, this brought in less light than the other churches because of the lack of windows. There were "holy crusades" to take back their land from the Muslims.
Traveling for trade and Christian crusades had become more popular. Pilgrimage to "holy places" was also popular. Most people would travel to Jerusalem, Rome, or Santiago de Compostella.
The church in Santiago de Compostella is shaped like a cross and held many relics. They would have reliquary caskets that were elaborately decorated with Christian symbols to hold the relics. They used the technique of champleve where they carved out shapes in the metal box to place colorful glass enamel.
Because the church in Santiago de Compostella was such a popular pilgrimage, many cities along the way wanted a church to draw in the Christian pilgrims and have them stay longer.
Cloisters are similar to the atriums of roman houses, but instead, they were connected to churches and abbey. Cloisters were used for contemplation and meditation.
They began to use capitals that were decorated to tell a story from the bible.
Some Monks thought that all the decorations in the monasteries were opulent and excessive. They started their own monastery where there were no decorations and where they could be truly humble.
People started calling the thin columns that they were using jambs which means legs in french.
They use some more roman influence in their figure sculpting but a very stylized version of it.
They also had elaborately decorated pages in manuscripts. They would draw everything from Saints to "the mouth of hell".
The leaning tower of Pisa was built on a marsh so it started out leaning. Ever since it was built, it would slowly move anytime someone walked through it. It didn't stop moving until recently.
The number 8 is sacred in baptism because the world was created in seven days so it is believed to be the symbol of rebirth.

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Henry III ordered the construction of this abbey in 1245, as he chose the spot for his burial. It's now the site of British coronations and many royal weddings—most recently, the marriage of Prince William and Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.

"Building the Heavenly Jerusalem"
Windows and stained glass became very popular. Detailed and decorative buildings became extremely popular as well.

Early Gothic
The Gothic period started with Abbot Suger in St Denis in Paris, France in the year 1144. He designed the pointed arch to achieve a taller effect and make the building look lighter and move the weight from the sides of the arch to the columns. This new arch style also helped bring more natural light into the churches. This style also symbolized the growing and expanding power of the monarchs.

High Gothic (1200 ish)
The Cathedral of Chartres started its construction in 1145 when there were still lots of Romanesque styles. During the construction of the Cathedral, there was a huge fire that destroyed some of the relics including what was believed to be the cloth Mother Mary wore. Eventually, they found the cloth in the basement and thought that it was a sign from mary to update her church.
They added a porch and more doors on the transept to let more people in. Groin vaults were also very popular and the use of pointed arches in these groin vaults made a beautiful point to heaven. They also started to use flying buttresses to keep a light and heavenly look with lots of windows. They still use the portal relief doorways. They had lovely intricate patterns. Their statues were calm and serene. All of the reliefs and sculptures had a more peaceful and loving meaning and look to them as opposed to the drama and fear the romanesque sculptures had. There are 180 original stained glass windows in the Cathedral Chartres. During WWII the citizens of Chartres hid the windows in a salt mine so that the Germans wouldn't destroy them. This is why we still have these wonderful windows. These windows would tell stories from the bible as well as be used for iconography. They were also symbolic of Christ as the light of the world and He will bring light into the Church. These windows also transform the walls and transport us "out of the slime of the earth into the Heavenly Jerusalem.

Gothic Courtly
Had precious illuminated manuscripts that used lots of gold and blue. They would make biblical stories look contemporary so they could feel closer to the story. They would stand in what we call the "gothic sway" which is not quite contrapposto but similar to it. Black and white drawings from this time were called Grisaille. Starting to start making babies look like babies instead of small men. Gloucester Cathedral is where they filmed Harry Potter.
They did use more humanized proportions, but not always.

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Byzantinesque mosaic by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri representing "The Ascension of Christ the Saviour with the apostles below" on the facade of the basilica San Frediano.

"Eve of the Renaissance"

Heavily influenced by Byzantine art. Very flat and elongated with lots of gold. Lots of pieces were made for Alters and Worship. They also started the use of tempera paint. This paint would make it one with the plaster so you wouldn't be able to scrape or flake it off.

With frescos, they would have to map out what they would paint and do it quickly. This is because tempera paint would dry very fast and once it drys you're done.

They would use the gothic lacey and light effect with their architecture. Pointed Arches as well. The frames for their Alter were pointed as well.

With their sculptures, they would use a more classical sense of style with the smooth marble and the calm serene look. Started using more nudity in their depictions of bible figures.

They often mix all three of these styles and techniques for their art and architecture. They also brought back the use of bronze doors.

All art was centered around Christianity. Lots of art from this time was made and commissioned by people so they could "repent" of their sins.

The use of dimensions and space started to be used again. The paintings were made to make you feel like you are a part of them.

Everyone loved the thought of Madonna or Mary Enthroned and it was painted often.

In places like Venice, they had a little more influence from all kinds of places because they were a big trading city.

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Romance of Alexander

International Gothic Style
The invention of the Diptych 1394. A diptych is a double-hinged box that frames a painted story of the stories of bible.
At this time, Royalty was really the only person who would commission art.
All of the painting is similar to the gothic courtly style.
Random fact: Only rich people had salt.
The "Duc de Berry" commissioned a book of hours and some of the pages had peasants and commoners in them.
During this time, they really loved using patterns in their painting and their clothing. They also liked using a newfound naturalism.

The Flanders
They now started the makings of Triptychs.
The use of Christian symbolism was strong at this time. They are starting to work their way to linear perspectives. For painting, they used Oil Paint which gave them a better range of colors and would also stay wet longer so that they could work on the details more. They would also paint the doners into polyptychs, triptychs, and diptychs.
Portrait paintings started to become a trend that may have been started by Jan van Eyck.
They really show such naturalism and emotion in the paintings that make them feel like it is real and they captured a moment in life.