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This text brings together meteorology and the theory of glacier flow, providing a fundamental understanding of how glaciers respond to climate change. Attention is paid to the microclimate of glaciers and the physical processes regulating the exchange of energy and mass between glacier surface and atmosphere.

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Climate change is one of the most significant global challenges facing the world today. It is also a critical issue for the world's cities. Now home to over half the world's population, urban areas are significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions and are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

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Warming Signs - Science World Magazine | Scholastic.com

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Earth's climate is changing, and according to scientists, kids your age will bear the brunt of the potentially damaging affects of a warmer world.

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© 2018 The American Farmland Trust. All Rights Reserved. No Farms No Food is a registered trademark of American Farmland Trust.

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Landfills are the largest anthropogenic emitters of the greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4) in the U.S. In 2006, landfills in the U.S. emitted 6,211 tons-34% of the total U.S. methane emissions (equivalent to 130.4 million tons of CO2), EPA GHG Inventory Report 2009, and second in overall methane emissions to enteric fermentation (methane produce by livestock digestion). Methane as a greenhouse gas has 20 times the potency of carbon dioxide (CO2). ¹

Paper is a long-term net emitter of GHG when placed in landfill. The equivalent of 42.7 million tons of CO2 emitted in 2006 can be attributed to the methane produced from the decay of paper products. The fact that paper and paper products make up the largest component of a landfill (32%) illustrate the impact paper and landfills have on climate change. ¹

As populations increase, so does the amount of waste that goes to landfills. The challenge is to reduce the volume of waste going into landfills and to impact that landfills have on climate change.

Although methane generated from landfills continues to increase year after year, methane actually emitted into the atmosphere has decreased nearly 10% from 1990 to 2007 as a result of landfill gas collection projects that are now recovering approximately 50% of the gases produced. Methane mitigation is expected to increase in response to federal regulations that require large municipal landfills to collect and combust their gas. However, the problem is large and there is ample opportunity not only to continue to make progress in landfill gas reclamation but also to increase waste paper recovery, keeping reusable fiber in the fiber stream.

Methane generated from paper products in landfills vs. methane emitted

Source: National Council of Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) ²

1. US EPA. 2009 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report: INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS: 1990-2007. Tech. EPA, 2009. ( http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport09.html) 2.National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI). 2008. The Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Profile of the U.S. Forest Products Sector. Special Report No. 08-05. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.

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Landfills are the largest anthropogenic emitters of the greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4) in the U.S. In 2006, landfills in the U.S. emitted 6,211 tons-34% of the total U.S. methane emissions (equivalent to 130.4 million tons of CO2), EPA GHG Inventory Report 2009, and second in overall methane emissions to enteric fermentation (methane produce by livestock digestion).

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Human activity has caused at least half of climate change in the last half-century, hundreds of scientists say. They are 95% certain of this, the surest they've ever been, says a United Nations report published Friday.

That activity? Driving cars, running power plants on coal and oil, torching swathes of forestland and debris; anything involving burning carbon-based fuels and emitting greenhouse gases.

We are seeing the consequences already in extreme weather patterns, particularly drought and flood, and they will probably get worse this century, the report said.

"It should serve as yet another wake-up call our activities today have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come," Michel Jarraud, head of the World Meteorological Organization, said at a news conference in Stockholm, Sweden.

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry echoed his words in an official statement.

"Those who deny the science or choose excuses over action are playing with fire," he said. "Once again, the science grows clearer, the case grows more compelling, and the costs of inaction grow beyond anything that anyone with conscience or common sense should be willing to even contemplate."

The assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the benchmark study on global warming published every few years. Nearly 1,000 researchers from around the world work on the document, which then undergoes review by about as many scientists.

The panel released a summary report Friday and plans to post the full version, roughly 2,500 pages, online on Monday.

This year's report further strengthens the suspicions that scientists already have.

In 2007, climate researchers were already 90% sure that people were behind a seemingly small rise in global average temperature of about half a degree Celsius (1 degree Fahrenheit) that has already notched up extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts and flooding.

While 90% constitutes a "very likely" degree of certainty, Friday's report stating scientists are now 95% sure indicates an "extremely likely" degree of certainty, which is considered the gold standard when discussing probability.

The effects humans are already causing are expected to increase for a century or more, the report reads. Weather catastrophes, previously called storms of the century, are on their way to striking every 20 years or even more frequently.

This means, unfortunately, that we could see more EF5 tornadoes like the one that ground up Moore, Oklahoma; stronger and more floods like those that inundated Colorado towns; another Sandy or Katrina or two in our lifetimes; more crops wiped out by drought; and more forestland consumed by roaring wildfires.

The Arctic ice cap could melt nearly completely in summer, and sea levels could continue to rise. In the Antarctic, the ice cap could continue to increase slightly.

And if greenhouse gas emissions continue to climb as they have, the resulting temperature rise and its deadly effects would get even worse, the report says.

Hundreds of experts weigh in

The 2013 assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change brings together the latest research from top scientists in the field. It contains a "summary for policymakers" aimed at guiding politicians and lawmakers worldwide on decisions regarding the environment over the next several years.

The document released Friday explains the physical science behind climate change.

The U.N. panel releases a report every five or six years. Friday's report is the culmination of work by more than 250 authors from 39 countries and was subject to an extensive review process involving more than 1,000 experts.

More than 850 expert authors from 85 countries contributed research for the full report, which will be released in three stages through April. The first, on the physical science behind climate change, accompanies the summary for policymakers. The second, expected in March, will cover "impacts and vulnerabilities" of climate change; the third, on mitigation efforts, is set to go out in April.

Despite the breadth of the scientific expertise involved and the extensive review and approval process, the assessment reports spark quite a few criticisms, from both climate change believers and skeptics.

Skeptics say the panel exists only to produce further evidence supporting the idea of man-made climate change while ignoring opposing research. But climate change activists, and many climate scientists, say the panel's consensus-seeking policy produces conclusions and estimates that are too conservative.

Another often-cited critique of the report is that, due to its size and lengthy approval process, it is already outdated by the time it is released. Several important studies already have been published in the past year in the constantly evolving science of climate change that will not be included in this assessment.

Despite the critics, this week's document will serve as a major measuring stick for the current state of the world's climate and what type of change is in store.

The summary for policymakers will be available Friday at www.climatechange2013.org.

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climate change report: 'extremely likely' that humans are responsible - cnn

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Climate change report: 'extremely likely' that humans are responsible - CNN

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Human activity has caused at least half of climate change in the last half-century, hundreds of scientists say. They are 95% certain of this, the surest they've ever been, says a United Nations report published Friday. That activity? Driving cars, running power plants on coal and oil, torching swathes of forestland and debris; anything involving burning carbon-based fuels and emitting greenhouse gases.

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What is happening? What is the problem?

Why is it happening?

Who is doing it?

Where is it having the greatest impact?

What are the effects on climate?

What can we do about it? Possible solutions?

What are some significant historical events?

Who are some important figures (people or companies) interested in this?

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The Basics

Burning fossil fuels puts carbon into the atmosphere. Other smaller sources include industrial processes such as cement manufacture and natural gas flaring. Fossil fuels provide most of the energy that supports human transportation, electricity production, heating and cooling of buildings, and industrial activity. Oil used to be the dominant fossil fuel, but as of 2008, coal is dominant (40% to oil's 37%).

In the 1990's, human fossil fuel use emitted 6.4 Petagrams of carbon (PgC) per year, and in from 2000-2008, 7.7 PgC/yr. Over 2000-2008, emissions increased by 3.4% per year, substantially faster than the growth rate of 1.0% per year in the 1990's. This dramatic increase is due primarily to a doubling of emissions from developing countries. Emissions in 2008 are consistent with the most intensive fossil fuel emission projections used in the IPCC AR4 report (A1FI scenario).

Evidence indicates that the rapid rise in emissions from developing countries, including China, are due to growth in international trade and a shift of developed countries toward service economies. The production of exports in developing countries is also an important driver of their increased emissions.

You can find information about the emissions from the developed world (so-called Annex 1 countries in IPCC terms) at http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/3800.php . You can also learn more about the spatial and temporal pattern of US emissions from Project Vulcan.

The Future of Fossil Fuels

The future of anthropogenic fossil fuel use depends on human decisions about energy use at the international scale. If we collectively choose to depend more and more on fossil fuels, our emissions will increase. If we choose to focus on efficiency and renewable energy sources, our emissions will not increase so quickly or even stabilize or decline. These are difficult choices with potentially dramatic implications for economies, politics, environment, and society from the local to the global scale. These issues are the focus of the activities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( http://unfccc.int) such as the well-known Kyoto Protocol and the current negotiations for a successor to this action plan.

References
Le Quere, C., Raupach M.R., Canadell, J.G., Marland, G. et al (2009) Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geoscience 2, 831 - 836. doi:10.1038/ngeo689. Global Carbon Project

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Burning fossil fuels puts carbon into the atmosphere. Other smaller sources include industrial processes such as cement manufacture and natural gas flaring. Fossil fuels provide most of the energy that supports human transportation, electricity production, heating and cooling of buildings, and industrial activity.

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As the world seeks to slow the pace of climate change, preserve wildlife, and support more than eight billion people, trees inevitably hold a major part of the answer. Yet the mass destruction of trees-deforestation-continues, sacrificing the long-term benefits of standing trees for short-term gain of fuel, and materials for manufacturing and construction.

We need trees for a variety of reasons, not least of which is that they absorb the carbon dioxide we exhale and the heat-trapping greenhouse gases that human activities emit. As those gases enter the atmosphere, global warming increases, a trend scientists now prefer to call climate change.

There is also the imminent danger of disease caused by deforestation.

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Deforestation and Its Effect on the Planet

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As the world seeks to slow the pace of climate change, preserve wildlife, and support more than eight billion people, trees inevitably hold a major part of the answer. Yet the mass destruction of trees-deforestation-continues, sacrificing the long-term benefits of standing trees for short-term gain of fuel, and materials for manufacturing and construction.

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This is a European calculator so when it asks you about holiday (traveling) and if you leave the UK or Europe, answer as if you are being asked if your family leaves the US, or North America

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This website is for sale! cooltheworld.com is your first and best source for all of the information you're looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, cooltheworld.com has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!

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Climate Change Resources

Human systems-like energy production, agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing-are interdependent with the ecosystems and habitats that support life, including the oceans.

Just as human systems affect the oceans, the oceans affect life on land.

Perhaps the most serious stress on the oceans today comes from society's use of fossil fuel for energy, which releases rampant levels of carbon dioxide. This gas builds up in the atmosphere, trapping in excess heat around the globe, and is absorbed by the oceans, changing the chemistry of the water that surrounds and supports marine life. Rampant carbon dioxide is disrupting ecosystems and weakening food webs, changing the oceans at a global scale.

The New England Aquarium knows that we all have a responsibility to protect the oceans and work vigilantly to address the threats to aquatic stability and health. Through a series of projects since 2007, we have been working to find more effective ways to engage the public in climate science and to support constructive dialogue about global change.

Our science education team has partnered with social scientists, oceanographers, climate scientists, and other aquariums to develop and teach strategies for having more productive conversations about climate change-interactions that are engaging, grounded in science, and oriented to solutions and hope. These strategies have been adopted by science educators from hundreds of zoos and aquariums across the nation.

We are proud of this contribution to engaging the public, so that citizens can use the best available science to guide the critical decision-making that lies ahead for our communities and the nation. Currently, thanks to major federal grants, we are leading two national collaborative projects. Follow the links below to learn more.

Additional Educational Resources

1. This video series presents the challenges ocean animals face from global climate change.
Watch the Series

2. Find lesson plans and information on the topics featured in our Blue Impact Series.
Learn More

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Climate Change Resources - New England Aquarium

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Climate Change Resources Just as human systems affect the oceans, the oceans affect life on land. Perhaps the most serious stress on the oceans today comes from society's use of fossil fuel for energy, which releases rampant levels of carbon dioxide.

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Atmospheric CO₂

411.31
parts per million (ppm)

Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (Scripps UCSD)

Preliminary data released June 4, 2018

January Global Temperature Change*

Rankings: January 1880 - January 2018
Comparisons with 20th Century Global Average Surface Temperature
(Temperatures are not compared with a pre-industrial baseline)

Rank

Year

Change in
Temperature*

Warmest January

2016

+1.06°C +1.91°F

5th Warmest January

2018

+0.71°C +1.28°F

Coolest January

1893

-0.67°C -1.21°F

Data retrieved:
March 12, 2018

*Surface temperature changes relative to 20th Century global average (1901 - 2000) Source data NOAA-NCEI State of the Climate: Global Analysis [
Web + data download]

The January 2018 temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was 0.71°C (1.28°F) above the 20th century average of 12.0°C (53.6°F). January 2018 marks the 42nd consecutive January (since 1977) and the 397th consecutive month (since January 1985) with temperatures at least nominally above the 20th century average. This was the fifth highest temperature for January in the 1880-2018 record. The last four years (2015-2018) rank among the five highest Januarys on record. The global land and ocean temperature during January has increased at an average rate of +0.07°C (+0.13°F) per decade since 1880; however, the average rate of increase is twice as great since 1975.

...

La Niña was present across the tropical Pacific Ocean during January 2018. According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, A transition from La Niña to ENSO-neutral will most likely occur during the Northern Hemisphere spring (Southern Hemisphere autumn). [ NOAA global analysis accessed March 12, 2018].

"The science is sobering-the global temperature in 2012 was among the hottest since records began in 1880. Make no mistake: without concerted action, the very future of our planet is in peril."

~ Christine Lagarde, Managing Director
International Monetary Fund
[ video][ text]

NOAA's global analysis: "2016 became the warmest year in NOAA's 137-year series. Remarkably, this is the third consecutive year a new global annual temperature record has been set. The average global temperature across land and ocean surface areas for 2016 was 0.94°C (1.69°F) above the 20th century average of 13.9°C (57.0°F), surpassing the previous record warmth of 2015 by 0.04°C (0.07°F). The global temperatures in 2016 were majorly influenced by strong El Niño conditions that prevailed at the beginning of the year.

This marks the fifth time in the 21st century a new record high annual temperature has been set (along with 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2015) and also marks the 40th consecutive year (since 1977) that the annual temperature has been above the 20th century average. To date, all 16 years of the 21st century rank among the seventeen warmest on record (1998 is currently the eighth warmest.) The five warmest years have all occurred since 2010.

Overall, the global annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.07°C (0.13°F) per decade since 1880 and at an average rate of 0.17°C (0.31°F) per decade since 1970." [ NOAA global analysis for 2016 accessed March 6, 2017].

"Globally-averaged temperatures in 2015 shattered the previous mark set in 2014 by 0.23 degrees Fahrenheit (0.13 Celsius). Only once before, in 1998, has the new record been greater than the old record by this much."

~ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies [ NASA post of January 20, 2016]

Before the end of 2015, scientists projected that average global temperature increase for 2015 will exceed 1°C above pre-industrial levels. The years 1850-1990 are used as the pre-industrial baseline by the MET Office and Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in the UK. The MET Office released this statement in November 2015:

"This year marks an important first but that doesn't necessarily mean every year from now on will be a degree or more above pre-industrial levels, as natural variability will still play a role in determining the temperature in any given year. As the world continues to warm in the coming decades, however, we will see more and more years passing the 1 degree marker - eventually it will become the norm."

~ Peter Stott
Head of Climate Monitoring and Attribution (MET Office)
>> Read More

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Atmospheric CO2 411.31 parts per million (ppm) Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (Scripps UCSD) Preliminary data released June 4, 2018 January Global Temperature Change* Rankings: January 1880 - January 2018Comparisons with 20th Century Global Average Surface Temperature(Temperatures are not compared with a pre-industrial baseline) Rank Year Change in Temperature* Warmest January

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What do you notice about where the most CO2 is released?

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CO2 emissions from industrial processes - Climate Change

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8. This map depicts the unequal distribution of industry in the world. The significant part of carbon dioxide emissions comes from energy production, industrial processes and transport. The industrialised countries consequently must bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide.

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A difficult read, but the first paragraph has some good information. I would stop after that. Maybe ask an adult to help?

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Live & Learn Environmental Education Climate Change Explained

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Climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect; impacts and the need for adaptation and mitigation actions, explained through a fun and educational animation. Ideal for schools, classroom or community education programs. Stars cartoon bats by Live & Learn Environmental Education