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The Supreme Court ruled that Scott, former slaves, and the descendants of slaves were not to be considered citizens of the U.S., even if they resided in free states/territories. They ruled that natural rights proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence didn't extend to African Americans.

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This amendment finally prohibited slavery in the United States.

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This amendment granted citizenship to people born/naturalized in the US, and contains the due process and equal protection clause preventing the state from depriving you of life, liberty, or property without the due process of the law.

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This amendment granted voting rights to African American men, and prohibited denying anyone the right to vote on the basis of race or color.

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Jim Crow laws were laws passed by Southern states in response to the 13th-15th Amendments to preserve segregation and hamper African Americans from exercising their right to vote. These laws enforced segregation across numerous aspects of daily life.

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The Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation, asserting that the separate but equal doctrine applied to African Americans was legal.

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Granted women with the right to vote nation-wide, and prohibited denying anyone the right to vote on account of one's sex.

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A landmark decision, ruling that US state laws that established racial segregation in public schools were unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are "equal" in quality.

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The governor called on the Arkansas National Guard to prevent African American students entry into the school. In response, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the "Little Rock Nine" into the school.

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This act was legislation outlawing racial segregation in public places and schools, and also allowed the attorney general to sue school districts that refused to desegregate, thanks to pressure from President Johnson.

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Legislation that outlawed racially biased literacy tests and authorized the Justice Department to help register voters in cities and states that were unwilling to allow African Americans to vote.

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President Johnson included affirmative action for women, meaning federal contractors were now required to make good-faith efforts to expand employment opportunities for women and minorities.

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The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution grants you the right to choose to have an abortion on the basis of individual privacy.

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Bakke v. University of California (1978)

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Bakke v. University of California (1978)

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A Supreme Court case that ruled that a university’s admissions criteria that used race as a exclusive and definite basis for admissions violated the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment.