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the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or sometimes to that of a genetically identical flower

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the usually edible reproductive body of a seed plant especially : one having a sweet pulp associated with the seed the fruit of the tree.

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the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary.

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the part of a seed or bud that contains the earliest forms of a plant's roots, stem and leaves.

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each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves

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the enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower.

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The stigma is the sticky knob at the top of the pistil. It is attached to the long, tubelike structure called the style.

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the part of the pistil where pollen germinates.

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the ovule-bearing female reproductive organ of flowering plants

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The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

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The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

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The pollen-producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther. Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

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the diploid multicellular individual or generation of a plant with alternation of generations that begins from a diploid zygote and produces haploid spores by meiotic division

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fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).

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Its sole purpose is to deliver sperm cells to the female gametophyte for double fertilization.

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microscopic structures that carry the male reproductive cell of plants.

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microscopic structures that carry the male reproductive cell of plants.

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The female gametophyte forms new structures after fertilization. The male gametophyte is a cone-like structure found on the lower branches of the plant.

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Megaspores, also called macrospores, are a type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants.

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any of the spores in heterosporous plants that give rise to male gametophytes and are generally smaller than the megaspore.

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tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants).

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embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve.

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any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule

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any slender supporting or connecting part of a plant, as the petiole of a leaf

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a plant cutting that connects with another plant, known as the rootstock.

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the act of placing a portion of one plant (bud or scion) into or on a stem, root, or branch of another (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue to grow.

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a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat

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a slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes.

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a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.

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a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.

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one in which the size of the populations of all species remains relatively constant over time.

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hardy species which are the first to colonize barren environments or previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems that have been disrupted, such as by fire.

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occurs when the severity of disturbance is insufficient to remove all the existing vegetation and soil from a site.

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happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time.

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the continual and gradual change in vegetation, usually starting from a bare area and establishing a dynamic equilibrium with the prevailing climatic condition.

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a plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses.

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a plant hormone involved in several physiological processes and regulates plant development during the whole life.

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a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots

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plant growth regulators are involved in regulating the growth and influencing different developmental processes which include stem elongation, germination, flowering, enzyme induction, etc.

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a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics.

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a tropism in which physical contact especially with a solid or a rigid surface is the factor causing orientation of the whole organism.

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plant growth response to the environment that directs shoots upward and roots downward

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when plants lean towards a light source.

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response or orientation of a plant or certain lower animals to a stimulus that acts with greater intensity from one direction than another.

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the force that helps to drive fluids upward into the water-conducting vessels (xylem).

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the bundles of vascular tissue that run within the core of plant stems and roots. They have the crucial job of ensuring that key nutrients, water, and other substances are transported throughout the plant.

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the tissue of unspecialized cells lying between the epidermis (surface cells) and the vascular, or conducting, tissues of stems and roots.

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ring-like cell-wall modifications in the root endodermis of vascular plants. Their presence generates a paracellular barrier, analogous to animal tight junctions, that is thought to be crucial for selective nutrient uptake

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the innermost cortical cell layer that surrounds the vasculature. The endodermis forms barriers, which have been assumed to play a major role in controlling nutrient acquisition.

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outgrowths of epidermal cells, specialized cells at the tip of a plant root. They are found in the region of maturation, of the root.

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most photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. The palisade cells are closely packed together to maximize light absorption.

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a type of sieve elements that occur in the phloem of flowering plants-

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a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem that lacks perforations in the cell wall.

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combines the process of capillary action with transpiration, or the evaporation of water from the plant stomata.

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allows for the water to stick to the organic tissues of plants.

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the hydrostatic pressure in excess of ambient atmospheric pressure which can build up in living, walled cells.

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they unload and load sugars and amino acids into and out of the sieve elements. specialized parenchyma cells in the phloem tissues of the angiosperms.

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a biological mechanism involving the transfer of water and other soluble nutrients from one part of the plant to another through the xylem and phloem

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The release of water from plant leaves

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a protective tissue of secondary origin that replaces the epidermal cell layer when the latter is damaged.

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a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel.

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grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf or cotyledon.

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the flat, photosynthetic part of the blade.

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Ground tissue makes up much of the interior of a plant and carries out basic metabolic functions.

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occur in many different shapes and sizes, but two main types occur fibers and sclereids.

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any member of the flowering plants, or angiosperms, that has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed.

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an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

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Stems that incorporate wood as their structural tissue

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a supporting tissue composed of more or less elongated living cells with unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls.

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a slender stem that supports the blade of a foliage leaf

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a plant having a specialized conducting system that includes xylem and phloem

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The dermal tissue system—the epidermis—is the outer protective layer of the primary plant body

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the cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits,

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composed of vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) arranged in a circle around a central core of spongy tissue made up of parenchyma cells, called the pith.

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the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots

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several leaflets attached to the petiole.

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one blade of a leaf

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A meristematic tissue that produces cork for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems.

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a layer in which mesophyll cells are loosely packed. This layer has large air spaces, which allow for gas exchange between the mesophyll cells and the atmosphere through stomata.

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- transport water and nutrients

- support the plant body

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a waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants

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controls the opening and closing of the stoma for gas exchange

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tissue such as the spongy mesophyll and the palisade mesophyll involved with photosynthesis.

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protects the leaf and protects against injury.

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tissues for making the stem and leaves wider.

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tissues that grow at the root and shoot tips,

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an area of actively dividing undifferentiated cells found in areas of the plant where growth occurs. They eventually develop into specialized cells and tissues.