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Curiosity Question:
How do people tackle police brutality?
Article Question:
Some people decide to take police brutality violently. In this article, it says "The violence involved dangerous projectiles directed at our people as well as some property damage to business in the area. While isolated, it left unchallenged we face the potential of those actions expanding & hurting innocent individuals." Sometimes these methods could be very dangerous, they are super dangerous & these methods led to many arrests.
Research Path:
How are some police affected by protesters

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Curiosity Question:
How does the media talk about police brutality?
Article Question:
Fear the Walking Dead's episode "So Close But Yet So Far", shows a scene that many consider a take on police brutality. It shows a scene of an unarmed black homeless man laying on the floor dead on the ground shot down by police. Although this isn't really fitting for the show, it shows that many people see what's going on in the world & acknowledge the fears of many people about the police.
Research Path:
Does the media talk about police brutality

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Curiosity Question:
Is police brutality only affecting the United States?
Article Question:
When will police brutality end? This is the question people in Kenya are asking. Police Brutality is really high there in Kenya according to a Kenyan Activist. Kenyans were having a peaceful march due to celebrating a 30th anniversary of an attempted street uprising against former dictator "Daniel Arap". When police entered & arrested 60 people, while others got hit by tear gas, hit with batons, & violence in general by the police. They involved into the protest saying that it was a breach against Coronavirus.
Research Path:
Are there other places where Police Brutality is taking place against black people?

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Curiosity Question:
What heavy affected were affected after the George Floyd incident?
Article Question
Despite the current pandemic, we are currently in & the fears among people being scared of the Police. People protested peacefully in the name of George Floyd. An estimated 10,000 people went to Washington DC and covered the White House fence walls with banners & BLM logos trying to call an end to Police Brutality & an end to racism. Many black people attended to say their messages to President Donald Trump & they wanted to be heard.
Research Path:
How has the George Floyd case affected many?

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Curiosity Question:
Do victims of police brutality get paid by the government or police?
Article Question:
An idea being tossed around is "What if victims of police brutality are paid by the police?" It's a really smart idea. In the article, it says that the city & its taxpayers have to pay for police brutality. What if that money came out from police pensions? it's a really smart idea & it helps other good cops put down the bad ones. Although there are several cons to that idea.
Research Path:
What are some ideas that can help with police brutality?

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Los Angeles Police Officer Put in Chokehold and Kicked as Anti-Police Brutality Protests Turned Violent

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Los Angeles Police Officer Put in Chokehold and Kicked as Anti-Police Brutality Protests Turned Violent

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Global National: May 30, 2020 | Violence erupts across U.S. following George Floyd death

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'Fear the Walking Dead' Tackles Police Brutality, Black Lives Matter Not So Much

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'Fear the Walking Dead' Tackles Police Brutality, Black Lives Matter Not So Much

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‘On our own’: Kenyan activists feel alone in the fight against police brutality

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‘On our own’: Kenyan activists feel alone in the fight against police brutality

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The confrontation was caught on film. As three armed policemen try to pull Wanjira Wanjiru away, she clings to the wing-mirror of a parked car and refuses to move.

"Don't touch me!" she yells. "Why are you arresting me?"

"Why are you protesting?" one of the steel-helmeted policemen asks.

"I'm protesting because you're killing us," replies the 25-year-old anti-police brutality campaigner.

"Who is killing you?"

"You police! You're killing us in our communities!"

Then, as the policemen back off, Wanjira, fist in the air, defiantly chants what has now become an iconic line: "When we lose our fear, they lose their power!"

Her resistance during the "Saba Saba" protests that day, held annually on 7 July to commemorate Kenya's pro-democracy movement that emerged in the 1990s, resonated as a symbolic moment in Kenyans' fight against police violence - an issue now in the global spotlight after a string of police shootings of Black Americans in the United States.

What made Wanjira's stand all the more significant was that it was a woman representing the soul of what has been an historically male-led struggle for reform - despite the heavy price women have paid.

Violence is emblematic of Kenyan policing. There has been a steady rise in killings and disappearances linked to the police over the past decade, with 2019 the most deadly year so far, with 144 alleged cases, according to Missing Voices, a nonprofit group of civil society organisations tracking police violence.

Excessive force and extrajudicial killings are routinely used to maintain law and order, especially in the poorest neighbourhoods, human rights groups told The New Humanitarian. At least eight people were killed over just two months at the beginning of the year in Kenya's informal settlements.

There has been a steady rise in killings and disappearances linked to the police over the past decade, with 2019 the most deadly year so far.

And the police have repeatedly used live ammunition in the enforcement of a COVID-19 lockdown, killing at least 15 people between March and early June. Some of the victims may have been hit by stray bullets, but others appear to have been deliberately targeted.

That death toll is higher than any other country in the region, with only Uganda coming close, with 12 alleged COVID-19-linked killings by the security forces.

"[COVID-19 is] a dangerous moment," Irũngũ Houghton, the executive director of Amnesty International Kenya, told TNH. The dusk-to-dawn curfew has been imposed "without oversight or close monitoring [of police conduct] by the media or by human rights organisations," he said, implying that abuses could now be going unnoticed under their radar.

Women a target

Men are depicted as almost the sole victims of police violence. But the reality is more than one third of alleged police killings and disappearances involve women, according to Missing Voices.

One of the most high-profile cases was the death last year of Caroline Mwatha, who had campaigned against extrajudicial killings until she disappeared, and was found dead days later in a city mortuary.

And there is an additional terror - the sexual violence perpetrated by the police against women.

"There's been a lot of sexual assault on women," said Fatuma Mohamud Mohamed, a commissioner with Kenya's Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA), a statutory watchdog. "Even in traffic cases, you find that women get sexually assaulted."

The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights has accused the security forces of committing more than half of the recorded cases of sexual violence during post-election violence in 2017.

Kenya's police spokesperson, Charles Owino, declined to comment for this story.

In response to the violence and abuse, Wanjira last year established the Women in Social Justice Centres Movement to advocate for women's rights and political participation.

"It's an organising space for just women outside the patriarchal control of men," she told TNH.

The centres bring together female social justice activists from some of Nairobi's poorest communities, women who all too often know somebody personally - a son, husband, or brother - who has been a victim of police violence.

Wanjira, born in Mathare, one of Kenya's largest informal settlements, shares that experience. Her older brother, Damason, is among the at least 712 mostly young people from low-income neighbourhoods suspected of having been killed since 2007.

Damason had been Wanjira's protector when she was growing up. In elementary school, he made sure she had lunch to eat so she never went hungry. And he always had one of his friends wait at the bus stop to meet her and help her cross the street after school.

Wanjira had left Mathare for boarding school when she heard Damason had been killed in a suspected police shooting. At the mortuary, her family saw that the bullet had entered through the back of his head and out his mouth - execution style. He was 19 years old at the time.

Damason's death pushed Wanjira to co-found the Mathare Social Justice Centre - a human rights advocacy group - when she too was aged just 19.

Getting organised

The alleged brutality of the police is due to "the training they undergo", said Mohamed, the IPOA commissioner. They are trained to believe "your enemy is the civilian", she said. Some policemen have become notorious killers - feared and revered - who operate with seeming impunity.

Mama Victor lives in a single-room, dirt-floor shanty house deep in the winding maze of Mathare's alleyways. Three years ago, she lost her two sons, 25-year-old Bernard and 22-year-old Victor, on a single day.

She suspects they were shot by police as they were walking down the street on their way home after work, caught up in a protest during Kenya's post-election violence.

"It was a hard moment because there was nowhere to go. It was just me. I'm just a widow," said Mama Victor. "I felt very, very angry, and I was sad."

"That is where I started to be an activist," she told TNH. "To start to defend the other women."

Helped by the Mathare Social Justice Centre, she worked with other women in the community to form the Mothers of Victims and Survivors Network to provide strength, comfort, and purpose to other women whose loved ones were killed by police.

The group, officially launched in February this year, supports its members as their legal cases against the police work through the courts - often frustratingly slowly - and documents new victims of police misconduct.

Taking on sexual violence

Mama Victor says police sexual violence has been a particularly difficult area for members to address, as most survivors fear retribution if they report.

"How can you tell them that, 'I want to [file a] case with the government, and the government is the one who raped my child?' So, they run away. They don't [file]. We have tried so much," she said.

Mohamed says the IPOA is currently handling at least 16 cases of sexual assault complaints against police officers.

"How can you tell them that, 'I want to [file a] case with the government, and the government is the one who raped my child.' So, they run away."

The police appear to be making some effort to address the issue. The inspector general of police, Hillary N. Mutyambai, holds bi-weekly Twitter conversations with citizens called #EngagetheIG - and concerns about rape and sexual violence by the police are often raised.

"What are you going to do to address the cases of rape by police officers that we see? Having a desk in a police station isn't going to do much," read one such Tweet by @policebrutalityKE on 20 July.

Faith Kasina, 25, from Kayole, a rough neighbourhood plagued by gangs and drugs, was sexually assaulted by a policeman at last year's Saba Saba demonstrations.

"[The police] came out to beat us and then I was like, 'You can't. You can't touch me'," said Kasina. "That's when he touched my breast and told me, 'You know what? We can do to you anything we want; we can do anything we want.' And then he started abusing me, calling me names, and then now they took me in."

Kasina helped found the Kayole Community Justice Centre - the first local social justice movement led by women.

"The first one was ours," said Kasina. "And so, the other women out there, especially young girls, realised, 'By the way, we could actually join in and speak in one voice'."

"I think what brings [women] together is our passion for this. [To ensure] the child I bring into this [world] doesn't face the same life I'm facing."

nw/oa/ag

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'When we lose our fear, they lose their power!'

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The confrontation was caught on film. As three armed policemen try to pull Wanjira Wanjiru away, she clings to the wing-mirror of a parked car and refuses to move. "Don't touch me!" she yells. "Why are you arresting me?" "Why are you protesting?" one of the steel-helmeted policemen asks.

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‘Incredibly Powerful’: Eleventh Day of George Floyd Protests Is the Biggest Yet

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‘Incredibly Powerful’: Eleventh Day of George Floyd Protests Is the Biggest Yet

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"Say his name" and "I can't breathe." Words that became a national chorus in the months following the death of George Floyd, a Black man killed while being taken into police custody in Minneapolis on Memorial Day 2020.

In demonstrations that drew millions in cities across the country and abroad, protesters called for police reform while mourning the death of yet another unarmed Black person at the hands of police in the United States.

Here is a timeline of major events that have unfolded since Floyd's death:

May 25, 2020: George Floyd dies in police custody

Floyd, 46, is arrested shortly after 8 p.m. after allegedly using a fake $20 bill at a local Cup Foods. A disturbing cellphone video later posted to Facebook shows an officer pinning Floyd to the ground with his knee on the back of Floyd's neck while a handcuffed man repeats "I can't breathe" and goes unconscious. He later dies at a hospital. The video goes viral.

May 26: Responding officers fired as protests begin

Civil rights attorney Ben Crump announces he is representing Floyd's family and "will seek justice." The four officers involved in Floyd's death are fired. Demonstrators gather at the Third Precinct and the site of the incident in what becomes the first night of protests in Minneapolis.

May 27: Protests spread to other cities

Demonstrators in other cities, including Los Angeles and Memphis, start to march in outrage over the death of Floyd. In Minneapolis, peaceful protests turn violent as fires and looting break out and cops attempt to disperse crowds with rubber bullets and tear gas.

May 28: Governor activates National Guard

In the wake of the previous night's protests, Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz signs an executive order activating the Minnesota National Guard. In the coming days, other governors will follow suit as tensions escalate.

May 29: Officer arrested and charged in Floyd's death

Derek Chauvin, the officer seen in the video kneeling on Floyd's neck, is arrested and charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter in Floyd's death. If convicted, maximum penalties for all of the charges are severe -- 40 years in prison for second-degree murder, 25 years for third-degree and 10 years for the manslaughter charge.

But presiding Judge Peter Cahill is required by Minnesota law to follow sentencing guidelines. Under these, the penalty for both second degree unintentional murder and third degree is about 10 to 15 years. For the manslaughter charge, the common sentence under the guidelines is four years.

Walz issues a curfew for the entire Twin Cities region; at least a dozen cities will issue curfews as bouts of violence and looting in the coming days overshadow the mostly peaceful protests. Then-President Donald Trump sparks controversy when, in response to the violent unrest, he tweets that "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Twitter flags the tweet, saying it violates its rules about "glorifying violence."

May 31: Prosecution changes hands

Walz announces that state Attorney General Keith Ellison will take over prosecutions in Floyd's death from the county prosecutor.

Thousands protest peacefully across the country, though some demonstrations continue to be marred by acts of vandalism and clashes with police, including near the White House.

June 1: Autopsy results revealed

The Hennepin County Medical Examiner's autopsy report found that the 46-year-old Floyd died of a combination of causes including "cardiopulmonary arrest complicating law enforcement subdual, restraint, and neck compression" and that his system showed "fentanyl intoxication; recent methamphetamine use." The ME called the manner of death "homicide," but goes on in the report to state that this "is not a legal determination of culpability or intent."

Floyd's legal team says an independent autopsy determined that his death was a homicide caused by asphyxia "due to neck and back compression that led to a lack of blood flow to the brain." On June 2, Floyd family Crump derides the Medical Examiner's report...attacking its inclusion of toxicology results: "The cause of death was that he was starving for air. It was lack of oxygen. And so everything else is a red herring to try to throw us off."

That same day, Ellison tells SiriusXM's "The Joe Madison Show" that he is "very seriously looking" at prosecuting the other officers in the case, but that the process could take months.

June 2: Civil rights charge filed against Minneapolis police

Minnesota's Department of Human Rights files a civil rights charge related to Floyd's death and launches an investigation into the Minneapolis Police Department.

Officials announce the investigation will examine the "policies, procedures, and practices over the past 10 years" to determine if the police department "has engaged in systemic discriminatory practices towards people of color and ensure any such practices are stopped."

June 3: All 4 officers now charged in Floyd's death

The other three officers involved in the incident are charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder and aiding and abetting second-degree manslaughter, both felonies, court records show.

Chauvin also received an additional second-degree murder charge, a felony, according to court records.

June 7: Minneapolis City Council members announce intent to replace police department

Minneapolis City Council members announce their intent to disband the city's police department in favor of a more community-oriented agency. "Our commitment is to end our city's toxic relationship with the Minneapolis Police Department, to end policing as we know it and to recreate systems of public safety that actually keep us safe," City Council President Lisa Bender said at a rally.

June 8: Democrats introduce policing reform bill

Congressional Democrats introduce a sweeping police misconduct reform bill, called the Justice In Policing Act, that would look to demilitarize the police and address police brutality. Measures include banning chokeholds and no-knock warrants. While the Democrat-controlled House later approved the bill, the then-Republican-controlled Senate voted it down.

The same day as the legislation is introduced, thousands of mourners turn out in Houston, Floyd's hometown, for a public viewing of Floyd ahead of his funeral. Among those in attendance are former Vice President Joe Biden and Texas Gov. Greg Abbott.

June 9: Floyd is laid to rest in Houston

Thousands gather for Floyd's final funeral service. Dignitaries in attendance include the Rev. Al Sharpton, U.S. Rep. Al Green, actor Jamie Foxx and Houston Texans player J.J. Watt. Biden also speaks via video, calling for change for Black Americans.

June 10: Floyd's brother testifies on policing reform

Floyd's younger brother, Philonise, testifies before Congress during a hearing on police brutality.

In a powerful opening statement, he calls on lawmakers to make law enforcement "part of the solution, not the problem," so his brother's death isn't in vain.

June 29: Floyd's relatives watch as 4 officers charged in killing appear in court

The four fired Minneapolis police officers criminally charged in the death of Floyd appear before a judge for back-to-back pre-trial hearings attended by Floyd's aunt and uncle.

Judge Peter Cahill also instructs both prosecutors and defense attorneys to limit pre-trial publicity about the case. Thao's attorney, Robert Paule, says in court that he is considering a motion for a change of venue due to what he describes as prejudicial pre-trial publicity.

Sept. 18: City renames intersection George Floyd Square

The Minneapolis City Council unanimously votes to rename the intersection of 38th Street and Chicago Avenue, near the spot of Floyd's fatal arrest, "George Floyd Square."

Oct. 14: Supporters celebrate Floyd's birthday

Dozens of friends, relatives and supporters gather at George Floyd Square and celebrate what would have been his 47th birthday.

Oct. 21: 3rd-degree murder charged dropped against Chauvin

Judge Cahill dismisses the third-degree murder charge against Chauvin, ruling that it required evidence that Chauvin's alleged actions put multiple people at risk and resulted in a death. Cahill rules that since Chauvin is accused of only targeting Floyd, the count does not apply to his case.

Nov. 5: Judge rejects change of venue motion

Judge Cahill rejected defense requests to move the trial of the four former police officers.

"No corner of the State of Minnesota has been shielded from pretrial publicity regarding the death of George Floyd. Because of that pervasive media coverage, a change of venue is unlikely to cure the taint of potential prejudicial pretrial publicity," Cahill writes in his ruling.

Jan. 12, 2021: Judge separates Chauvin's trial from other officers

Chauvin is ordered by Judge Cahill to stand trial alone. In separating Chauvin's trial from his three co-defendants, Cahill cited COVID-19 concerns, specifically the court's ability to ensure adequate social distancing among the defendants, their lawyers and other support personnel.

March 1: Appeals Court weighs reinstating 3rd-degree murder charge against Chauvin

The Minnesota Court of Appeals hears oral arguments on an appeal filed by prosecutors requesting it to overturn Judge Cahill's decision to toss out third-degree murder charge against Chauvin. The three-judge panel says it will issue an expedited decision as soon as possible.

The hearing comes as Minneapolis city officials hold a briefing on plans to ramp-up security for Chauvin's trial to protect property and ensure the First Amendment rights of protesters.

March 3: House passes George Floyd Justice in Policing Act

The U.S. House of Representatives passes the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act with a 220-212 vote. The legislation, which still needs the approval of the Senate, would ban no-knock warrants in certain cases, mandate use-of-force data collection on police encounters, prohibit racial and religious profiling and redirect funding to community-based policing programs.

March 5: Appeals Court rules on 3rd-degree murder charge

The Minnesota Court of Appeals orders Judge Cahill to reconsider reinstating a third-degree murder charge against Chauvin, finding the judge erred in October when he dropped the charge.

March 8: Chauvin trial begins with request to delay jury selection

Chauvin's attorney, Eric Nelson, informs the court that he is filing a petition for the Minnesota Supreme Court to review the Court of Appeals decision asking Judge Cahill to consider reinstating a third-degree murder charge against Chauvin.

A prosecutor asks for a delay in jury selection when Cahill says he has no jurisdiction in the matter until the Supreme Court reaches a ruling, or the appellate court provides guidance on how to proceed. Cahill says that unless the appeals court tells him otherwise, jury selection will proceed.

March 11: Judge reinstates 3rd-degree murder charge

Judge Cahill grants the motion by prosecutors to reinstate the third-degree murder charge against Chauvin after hearing arguments from both sides of the case. The trial starts March 29.

March 12: $27M settlement for Floyd's family approved

The Minneapolis City Council unanimously approves a $27 million settlement to Floyd's family for a civil lawsuit brought against the city of Minneapolis and the four officers involved in his death.

April 20: Chauvin found guilty on all 3 counts

After three weeks of testimony, Chauvin is found guilty on all three counts in Floyd's death. His sentencing hearing will be in eight weeks. The maximum sentence for second-degree murder is 40 years in prison, but Minnesota sentencing guidelines suggest he could get up to 15 years.

President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris addressed the verdict, with both calling for Congress to pass the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act.
ABC News' Andy Fies, Whitney Lloyd and Bill Hutchinson contributed to this report.

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Timeline: The impact of George Floyd's death in Minneapolis and beyond

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A timeline of major events that have unfolded since George Floyd was killed in Minneapolis on May 25.

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The recent deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Rayshard Brooks spurred widespread protests against police brutality and racial injustices. Continuing the protests is a recent video recording of a policer officer in Kenosha, Wisc., shooting Jacob Blake, a Black man, in the back multiple times as he entered his vehicle and his children watched from inside the vehicle. Federal and local law enforcement responses to the shootings and the protests have both come under fire - but these responses are characteristic of larger law enforcement policies and institutions.

In policing, people often talk about bad apples. Well, bad apples come from rotten trees, and the rotten trees are law enforcement agencies imbued with structural racism. Standard processes for holding police officers accountable, issuing civil payouts to victims of brutality, and rehiring fired officers are a few of the factors that contribute to the entrenchment of racism and police brutality.

A Black person is killed about every 40 hours by police.

Many police departments process complaints internally. When officers police other offices, accountability is often suspect.

Cities and towns can increase police accountability by making police departments absorb civil payouts to victims of police violence in the form of insurance policies.

Black people are 3.5 times more likely than white people to be killed by police when Blacks are not attacking or do not have a weapon. George Floyd is an example. Black teenagers are 21 times more likely than white teenagers to be killed by police. That's Tamir Rice and Antwon Rose. A Black person is killed about every 40 hours in the United States. That's Jonathan Ferrell and Korryn Gaines. One out of every one thousand Black men can expect to be killed by police violence over the life course. This is Tamir Rice and Philando Castile.

After Rodney King's beating by LAPD was captured on video by a home camcorder in 1991, a series of changes were made (e.g., dash cameras in cars, body-worn cameras, and police bias trainings). However, these changes have fallen short of holding police officers accountable. Typically, officers are not charged for killing unarmed Black people. Even if they are charged, officers are almost never convicted.

Why does it take so long for officers to be charged?

Prosecutors know that the barometer for what we consider to be criminal conduct for police officers is extremely high - both legally and in the public's perception. Most people perceive that if a police officer did something, he or she was doing it for their protection or the greater good of society. So, the bar for charging and convicting police officers is higher than the bar for regular citizens. Prosecutors, then, often take more time to ensure that a case is solid before they bring charges.

In Minneapolis, the time it took for charges to be brought against the officers in the George Floyd case was abnormally short. In recent events - from Christian Cooper in Central Park to Ahmaud Arbery in Georgia to George Floyd in Minneapolis - smart phone video was collected by civilians. Once video evidence was disseminated on social media, the criminal process moved more expeditiously. Most of the time, however, police officers are allowed time to consult with the Fraternal Order of Police and a lawyer, and, at times, even review evidence before officials make public statements.

Why are bad-acting cops allowed to stick around?

Derek Chauvin, the officer who killed George Floyd, has been involved in at least 18 police misconduct cases. He's been involved in police shootings, and he's been involved in cases that most people consider to be police brutality. What's important is that this is a pattern. The officers who killed Tamir Rice in Cleveland in 2014, and who killed Antwon Rose in East Pittsburgh in 2018-both Black teenagers-were dismissed from previous jobs as police officers. When an officer is dismissed, typically the Fraternal Order of Police has helped them resign quietly instead of being fired. This gives bad officers the ability to work for another department. This needs to change.

Complaints of misconduct within police departments often go to internal affairs. The complaint goes up the chain, and if it makes all the way up, it goes to a trial board that typically involves three officers who decide if the accused officers have engaged in misconduct. The trial board serves as judge and jury of their own. An officer must do something extremely egregious to be fired. But, there are other types of reprimand. Officers can be put on desk duty, paid or unpaid leave, or fined at a prorated amount in future paychecks. The problem is that all these actions are typically internal to policing. They are rarely known outside the department until long after the incident and the conduct decision. And, my research shows that Black officers are sanctioned more harshly than white officers for similar misconduct.

When does the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Justice Department get involved?

The Department of Justice often has to be invited in by the state. In the Ahmaud Arbery case, the local prosecutor invited in the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. The Georgia Attorney General then asked the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate the behavior of two district attorneys previously assigned to the case. The U.S. Department of Justice also was investigating whether the killing was a hate crime. In the George Floyd case, the Federal Bureau of Investigation investigated "to determine whether any federal civil rights laws were violated." The murder case is also being prosecuted at the state level similar to the Arbery case.

When Dylann Roof murdered nine parishioners at Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina, federal authorities brought hate crime charges. And this is important, because there are states-Georgia, for instance-that don't have hate crime laws. If hate crime charges are going to be brought in the Arbery murder, they must be brought at the federal level. In Floyd's case, hate crime charges could be brought on the state and/or federal levels.

What reforms could change police accountability?

My research offers two major changes to law and practice to reduce police brutality. First, officers who have been terminated due to police misconduct should not be able to work in law enforcement again. This recommendation is receiving bipartisan support at the federal level. It is part of Trump's recent Executive Order and the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act that passed in the House of Representatives.

Second, we need to restructure civilian payouts by moving them from taxpayer money to police department insurance policies. This is starting to occur in some ways at the local level. New York state lawmakers proposed that individual officers carry liability insurance.

Eventually, there will be a large civil payout for the death of George Floyd. The Floyd family's taxpayer money will be used to pay them for his dehumanization and killing. Due to qualified immunity-the legislation that often prevents officers from facing civil culpability-officers are typically immune from the financial impacts of these civil payouts. Since 2010, St. Louis has paid over $33 million and Baltimore was found liable for about $50 million for police misconduct. Over the past 20 years, Chicago spent over $650 million on police misconduct cases. In one year from period from July 2017 through June 2018, New York City paid out $230 million in about 6,500 misconduct cases. What if this money was used for education and work infrastructure? Research suggests that crime would decrease.

In health care, mistakes happen. But, physicians and hospitals have malpractice insurance. In law enforcement, when there is a mistake, the city is typically on the hook. Even though the city (and thus its taxpayers) would cover the police department's malpractice insurance premium, when the city's malpractice premium goes up, the city will know which police officers, like which physicians and which hospitals, are responsible. This gives cities and departments a market-driven approach to weed out bad apples so they don't continue to rot the trees of law enforcement agencies.

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How can we enhance police accountability in the United States?

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The recent deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Rayshard Brooks spurred widespread protests against police brutality and racial injustices. Continuing the protests is a recent video recording of a policer officer in Kenosha, Wisc., shooting Jacob Blake, a Black man, in the back multiple times as he entered his vehicle and his children watched from inside the vehicle.