# data[].attributes.body
The Missouri Compromise was a negotiation that helped decide what part of the United States would be Slave States and Free States. They decide that all new states below the latitude line 36, 30. All new states above the latitude line 36, 30.This was because Missouri wanted to be a slave State

What motive is there to make certain states slave states and certain states free States?

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/missouri-compromise#:~:text=This%20legislation%20admitted%20Missouri%20as,remainder%20of%20the%20Louisiana%20Territory.

# data[].attributes.body
Mann was a 1829 case that clarified whether slaves had rights. The justices focused on the letter of the law and indicated that only the legislature could change laws, not judges. The case stemmed from an incident in which a slave woman named Lydia was loaned to a man named John Mann.

What would have happened if Mann eon the case?

https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/state-v-mann/

# data[].attributes.body
Nullification Crisis, in U.S. history, confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832–33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832.

After the Tariff of Abominations was passed in 1828 whom did South Carolina lawmaker ask for help?

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/nullification-crisis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. However, the United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise and the reaffirmation of executive authority.

Since 1816, the United States used tariffs to protect American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the foundation of Henry Clay's American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson's election. The first tariff passed was relatively low, but it progressively rose each year until 1828, with what became known as the Tariff of Abominations. Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first proposed this tariff in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory's presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states-and its cotton and tobacco industry-unprotected. In retaliation for the high tariff, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South's chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South. Despite the South's fervent objection to this tariff, Jackson maintained southern support for his campaign and by backing this tariff garnered support from states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri, which proved to be vital in his campaign and helped him win the presidency. In 1828, Jackson's soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled "Exposition and Protest" which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.

Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate. Hayne argued that state sovereignty permitted the nullification of federal rulings when those rulings infringed on states' rights, going so far as to argue for secession in order to preserve state and personal liberty. Webster famously responded with "liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable," to Webster and many other unionists, people, not states comprised the union. Nullification propagated secession which in turn would destroy the union: the sole protector of liberty. Thus, to preserve liberty, one must preserve the union. Nullifiers did not believe in this link between union and liberty but rather argued that it was the states alone which protected individual freedoms from an overreaching federal government.

The issue of nullification divided the White House as Vice President Calhoun staunchly supported states' rights and served as a spokesman for nullification by revealing he wrote "Exposition and Protest." Jackson, on the other hand, supported states' rights, but not at the expense of the Union and once stated he "would rather die in the last ditch than see the union dismantled." The Nullification Crisis was one in a series of issues that destroyed Jackson and Calhoun's relationship.

In 1832 Congress replaced the Tariff of Abominations with a lower tariff; however, that was not enough to satisfy the South Carolinians who had made faint threats of nullification since 1828. Almost immediately following Jackson's re-election in 1832, South Carolina, fortified by the recent election of many state nullifiers, formed a convention that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and its 1832 revision and formally adopted an Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared those tariffs null and void and forbade the collection of duties within the boundary of the state following February 1, 1833. Finally, the ordinance declared that any act of force by Congress against South Carolina would lead to its immediate secession from the union.

In the past Jackson simply acknowledged the supremacy of union over state sovereignty without taking any direct action; however, this explicit threat of secession forced him to act against these nullifiers. Jackson advised his Secretary of War Lewis Cass to prepare for war, and over the course of a few months, Cass complied arms and enlisted a militia in preparation to enter South Carolina to enforce the tariff and prevent secession. During his war preparations, Jackson engaged in a national public relations campaign to discredit nullification in the mind of the American public. Jackson gave speeches against nullification that vehemently denounced South Carolina and promoted unionism. Jackson also gave a special speech to Congress asking them to reaffirm his authority to use force to ensure the execution of United States laws, which Congress complied with in a bill aptly known as Jackson's force bill.

Despite his preparations, Jackson did not desire a civil war, but rather hoped the nullifiers would back down against his threats. In response to Jackson's vigorous actions, South Carolinians delayed the enactment of their ordinance. Jackson, in turn, discretely supported Speaker of the House Henry Clay's efforts to lower the tariff that caused this crisis. On March 2, 1833, Congress passed both Jackson's and Clay's tariff reduction. In response, South Carolinians rescinded their Ordinance of Nullification and the crisis passed. Many parties claimed to be the victor of this crisis, Calhoun and his nullifiers for receiving a tariff reduction, Clay for his compromise that prevailed; however, Jackson remained the true victor as he reaffirmed his executive authority and prevented a potential civil war days before his second inauguration.

Although not the first crisis that dealt with state authority over perceived unconstitutional infringements on its sovereignty, the Nullification Crisis represented a pivotal moment in American history as this is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. Ultimately, the spirit of union prevailed, and Americans reached a compromise which avoided war. However, this crisis laid the groundwork for the secession theory that reemerged in the 1850s at a time of heightened sectional tensions. By then the United States would not be so lucky, and debates over slavery and the legitimacy of secession would plunge Americans into a horrific civil war.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of...

# data[].attributes.body
The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. The conflict over the Wilmot Proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War.

Why did Proviso fail to gain traction In congress.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Wilmot-Proviso

# data[].attributes.body
The Free Soil Party, also called the Free Democratic Party or the Free Democracy, was a political party in the United States from 1848 to 1854, when it merged into the Republican Party. The party was focused on opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States.

How did the actions of the Whig and Democratic parties contribute to the formation of the free soil party?

https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/the-election-of-1848-free-soil-free-labor-free-men.htm

# data[].attributes.body
The acts called for the admission of California as a "free state," provided for a territorial government for Utah and New Mexico, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC.

Was Mexico happy with the boundary of Texas?

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/compromise-1850#:~:text=The%20bill%20included%20California%20entering,a%20new%20fugitive%20slave%20law.

# data[].attributes.body
Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

How much did Northerners care about about this act?

https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/the-fugitive-slave-act-1850

# data[].attributes.body
It became law on May 30, 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas,” as pro-slavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

Why were Nebraska and Kansas aloud to led the people choose if they had slavery.

https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm#:~:text=The%20Kansas%2DNebraska%20Act%20repealed,territories%20to%20sway%20the%20vote.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bleeding Kansas (sack of Lawrence)/(Pottawatomie Massacre) 1856

# data[].attributes.subject
Bleeding Kansas (sack of Lawrence)/(Pottawatomie Massacre) 1856

# data[].attributes.body
Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas, or the Border War, was a series of violent civil confrontations in Kansas Territory, and to a lesser extent in western Missouri, between 1854 and 1859. It emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas.

How did popular sovereignty lead to mob rule anarchy in what came to be "Bleeding Kansas"?

https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/bleeding-kansas-and-pottawatomie-massacre-1856#:~:text=In%20retaliation%20for%20the%20%22sack,even%20his%20anti%2Dslavery%20supporters.

# data[].attributes.body
Missouri's Dred Scott Case, 1846-1857. In its 1857 decision that stunned the nation, the United States Supreme Court upheld slavery in United States territories, denied the legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional.

Would slavery end quicker Scott won this case?

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dred-scott-v-sandford

# data[].attributes.body
Lincoln-Douglas debates, series of seven debates between the Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas and Republican challenger Abraham Lincoln during the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign, largely concerning the issue of slavery extension into the territories

What would happen if Lincoln won for Senate?

https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/debates.htm

# data[].attributes.headline
John Brown’s Raid and Trial October 1859

# data[].attributes.subject
John Brown’s Raid and Trial October 1859

# data[].attributes.body
Faced with charges of murder, conspiring with enslaved people to rebel and treason against the state of Virginia, John Brown's trial began October 27 and lasted just five days. Jurors took only 45 minutes to reach a decision — guilty of all charges. On November 2 Brown was sentenced to hang on the gallows.

Why did John Brown, alone among northern abolitionists, choose violence as the way to end slavery?

https://www.britannica.com/event/Harpers-Ferry-Raid