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Dirty water can contaminate crops

Contaminated crops and water will infect animals, making their products unable for consuming

If we drink contaminated water, it always leads to disease outbreaks (specially diseases like Cholera)

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Prevents diseases by stopping water contamination

Protects the environment and aquatic life

Keeps drinking water safe

Prevents bad smells and dirty surroundings

Avoids damage to roads and buildings

Stops soil contamination, keeping crops safe

Reduces mosquito and pest breeding

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Removes germs from surfaces and body

This reduces chance of transmitting microbes to others through contact

Contact includes hands, food, or shared objects

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Food must be stored appropriately before consumed.

Meat, fish and dairy products have good growing environments for pathogens and should be kept in fridge.

Cooked and uncooked food must be prepared separately (different cutting boards, cutlery).

Cook at high temperatures to kill off pathogens (uncooked food can transmit microorganisms).

Don't let meat or poutry touch other food and marinate them in fridge before cooking.

Keep kitchen surfaces clean.

Wash hands, use gloves and a hair net when managing food.

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A case study of a place where the practice is lacking and why?

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A case study of a place where the practice is lacking and why?

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In Gangers River, India there was a heavy sewage pollution due to poor waste disposal.

It was caused by -

Few sewage treatment plants.

Overpopulation overwhelms sanitation systems.

Old and broken sewage infrastructure.

Factories dump untreated waste into the river.

Religious rituals and cremations add to pollution.

This had many effects on the everyone including -

Dirty water spreads diseases like dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, and severe diarrhea.

Fish and marine life die due to pollution.

Unsafe for drinking and bathing.

Then the government launched Namami Gange Program to clean the river. where they -

Built new sewage treatment plants.

But sadly the progress is slow due to funding and enforcement issues.

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In 1831, London had become the cholera capital of the world

They did a very poor job in separating waste from drinking water

The majority of the british working class lived in slums where waste piled on the streets

London was the biggest city in the world (more waste)

One of the symptoms of cholera is diarrhea, which sent more waste to the water supply, creating a cycle

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Food must be prepared hygienically, to stop the spread of pathogens which can cause food poisoning.

Poor food preparation can lead to severe food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, weakness, aches and pains, and high temperatures).

In severe cases, it can hospitalize more vulnerable people.

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Case study of a place where good hygiene is exemplary

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Case study of a place where good hygiene is exemplary

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According to The Legatum Prosperity Index, Japan is the 2nd country in the Top 10 healthy countries

Japan is known for its impressive public hygiene

A few habits that Japanese often follow are :

Always wash hands and gargle when they come home from outdoords

Bath and shower before going to sleep

Always using masks in public when sick or when diseases are spreading

Recently, Japan has implemented contact-less technology

These technologies include:

Contact-less payment

Contact-less elevator buttons

Contact-less hand sanitiser dispensers

Contact-less thermometers

Other cleaning practices common in Japan are:

Advanced toilet technology such as automated cleaning features

Small, we towels (oshibori) for hand cleaning

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Case study of a place that lacks personal hygiene

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Case study of a place that lacks personal hygiene

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In Liberia, sanitation is very poor

Majority of people in rural areas lack decent toilets and latrines

Diarrhea, Malaria, and Cholera are common diseases in Liberia caused by poor wash conditions

WeAreWater foundation conducted a study to investigate personal hygiene in Liberia

1. Nine out of ten inhabitants wash in public sources when they can

2. Of these nine, seven do not have appropriate personal hygiene facilities in their homes

3. Of these seven, despite having at least one sink present in their homes, cannot use it as they lack running water or soap

WeAreWater foundation worked to provide safe sanitation projects worldwide for more than 3.6 million people in the most deprived rural areas of Latin America, Africa, and Asia

The results where that there was a significant reduction of diarrhoea diseases after implementing personal hygiene

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Advice for implementing it well: How did London solve it?

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Advice for implementing it well: How did London solve it?

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August, 1954

A man named John Snow (not that one) was helping and studying people who had caught cholera (specially those in lower classes)

When in Soho (neighbourhood in London), where the sewage system did not reach, Snow realised that most infected had had contact with contaminated water

This discovery persuaded the local council to close the water supply, which reduced greatly the spread of disease in the region

After this (and a lot of convincing), the Parliament revamped Britain's sewage by cleaning and replacing a lot of England's pumps and pipes

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Wash hands:

Wash hands with soap and water for 20 seconds

This helps to remove germs from body and therefore control the spreading

Covering mouth and nose:

Cover mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing

Keep distance from others

Throw away tissues immediately

Throw away tissues

Bathing:

Shower and bathe at least once a day, if possible, to remove dirt and bacteria

Use good quality body wash or soap

Cleaning your home:

Use household cleaners that contain soap or detergent to remove germs and dirt

Follow the directions on cleaning disinfecting products

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Cholera is still present in modern day, specially in areas where the isn't proper treatment or a sewage system.

"The WHO has called for recognition of cholera as a Neglected Tropical Disease and promotes its prevention and control globally."

In conclusion, where treatment is happening, it is working. The problem now is more economic than anything else

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advice for implementing each practice well

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advice for implementing each practice well

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Fix Infrastructure – Repair old pipes and expand systems

Build Treatment Plants – Invest in and maintain modern facilities.

Control Industrial Waste – Enforce strict disposal rules.

Educate People – Promote proper waste disposal habits, so the sewage does not worsen in the future.

Strengthen Laws – Improve policies and increase funding.

Monitor & Maintain – Check water quality and fix issues fast. If they have an efficient system then it prevents for problems with sewage to grow to a larger scale.

Have a primary and secondary -treatment process to recycle the water to a better condition then before.

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Many fast food restaurants in the USA do not meet standards of cleanliness.

Health inspection reports on finding a worm in a salad, a cockroach in a soda and chewing gum in a taco.

These restaurants had pest control problems, with roaches and mice.

Wendy's was cited for mice droppings, inadequate food holding temperatures and bare hand contact with prepared food.

McDonald's had six critical violations on its food preparation.

This occurs since workers do not follow the food preparation guidelines and lack overall hygiene in the restaurant.

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Case study of a place where sewage treatment is exemplary

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Case study of a place where sewage treatment is exemplary

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Singapore is widely considered to have one of the best treatment systems in the world

Characteristics that make them so exemplary are:

Advanced filtration systems

Ultraviolet disinfection

Processes like reverse osmosis

Microfiltration

Meets a significant portion of its water demand through recycled and treated wastewater

Strict regulations

With that being said, in 2023, Singapore was rated as the country with the best health and service globally

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Why is it important

Human waste can contain disease-causing organisms that can easily spread if not disposed properly

Improper disposal can lead to contamination of drinking water sources, facilitating spread of waterborne diseases

Accumulated waste can attract insects that can carry and transmit pathogens

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Case study that lacks proper waste disposal

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Case study that lacks proper waste disposal

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Turkey is the country at the top of 'landfilling' disposal among 38 nations analysed, with 176kg of trash per capita being sent to landfill every year

Around 90% of Turkey's municipal solid waste goes to landfills

This improper waste management causes an environment to be more prone to disease development and spreading

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Invest in proper infrastructure for garbage collection and disposal

Have proper sewage systems for human waste

Create more facilities for recycling

For a more individual approach:

Do not dispose of human waste close to rivers

Always recycle when possible

Do not let still water acumulate

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Zurich, Switzerland

There, anyone who pollutes or uses non-official methods of disposal in the region receives a very heavy fine

It recycling rates is at around 54%, which is the highest in Europe

They have very strict schedules for "green trash collection", "domestic trash", "waste paper" and "cardboard"

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The French Laundry (Yountville, California) stands out for its impeccable food safety and hygiene standards.

The staff are trained rigorously on foot safety (how to handle food and hygiene).

There is a strict monitoring of food.

The food is fresh, sourced locally to decrease any risks of contamination.

There is regular cleaning and sanitation of all surfaces in the kitchen and restaurant, and of all appliances.

There are frequent inspections.